{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T12:25:09Z","timestamp":1787228709431,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":219,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787184000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Endocrinol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is among the most prevalent chronic noncommunicable diseases worldwide and imposes a substantial burden on public health. Exercise and physical activity are cornerstones of T2DM management, but current recommendations remain largely centered on standardized exercise doses and uniform physical activity targets, with limited consideration of individual variability and medication-related safety. This review integrates current mechanistic, clinical, and guideline-relevant evidence on exercise and physical activity interventions in T2DM, with the aim of clarifying how these may be applied more appropriately across different clinical contexts. Different exercise modalities provide distinct benefits for glycemic control, physical function, and cardiometabolic health, indicating that exercise modality and dose should be selected according to the dominant therapeutic objective. Beyond modality and dose, exercise timing may further influence metabolic responses and should be considered when designing structured exercise programs. Interrupting prolonged sitting should also be incorporated as a complementary behavioral target alongside planned exercise. Because exercise is commonly implemented alongside glucose-lowering therapy, medication-related safety should also be considered when individualizing exercise programs. In individuals with diabetes-related complications, exercise should not be regarded as universally contraindicated, but should be adapted according to complication severity, safety considerations, and functional capacity. Older adults require prescriptions that preserve muscle strength, balance, joint mobility, and functional independence, whereas youth-onset T2DM requires early, developmentally tailored strategies that support long-term adherence. Overall, exercise and physical activity should be conceptualized as a precise, adaptable, and clinically essential therapy for T2DM.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2026.1887543","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T11:45:45Z","timestamp":1787226345000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Exercise and physical activity interventions in type 2 diabetes mellitus"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Weilong","family":"Su","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Physical Education Institute, Putian University","place":["Putian, China"]},{"name":"School of Physical Education and Sports, Central China Normal University","place":["Wuhan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinyue","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physical Education and Sports, Central China Normal University","place":["Wuhan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haicheng","family":"Gou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physical Education and Sports, Central China Normal University","place":["Wuhan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lingfeng","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Sports Science and Physical Education, Tsinghua University","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lixin","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physical Education Institute, Putian University","place":["Putian, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiuting","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physical Education Institute, Putian University","place":["Putian, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaodong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physical Education Institute, Putian University","place":["Putian, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yingzhe","family":"Xiong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physical Education and Sports, Central China Normal University","place":["Wuhan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yisheng","family":"Luan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physical Education Institute, Putian University","place":["Putian, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","volume-title":"Idf Diabetes Atlas","year":"2025"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc26-S002","article-title":"2. Diagnosis and classification of diabetes: Standards of care in diabetes\u20142026","volume":"49","year":"2026","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc16-1728","article-title":"Physical activity\/exercise and diabetes: a position statement of the American diabetes association","volume":"39","author":"Colberg","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000002800","article-title":"Exercise\/physical activity in individuals with type 2 diabetes: a consensus statement from the American college of sports medicine","volume":"54","author":"Kanaley","year":"2022","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exercise"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S89","DOI":"10.2337\/dc26-S005","article-title":"5. Facilitating positive health behaviors and well-being to improve health outcomes: Standards of care in diabetes\u20142026","volume":"49","year":"2026","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2016.162","article-title":"Exercise-stimulated glucose uptake \u2014 regulation and implications for glycaemic control","volume":"13","author":"Sylow","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Rev Endocrinol"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/physiol.00012.2005","article-title":"Skeletal muscle glucose uptake during exercise: how is it regulated","volume":"20","author":"Rose","year":"2005","journal-title":"Physiology"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00038.2012","article-title":"Exercise, GLUT4, and skeletal muscle glucose uptake","volume":"93","author":"Richter","year":"2013","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2025.1733458","article-title":"Association between the PPARGC1A Gly482Ser (rs8192678) polymorphism and endurance and power athlete status: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"16","author":"Su","year":"2026","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.271.28.16690","article-title":"Analysis of the signaling pathway involved in the regulation of hexokinase II gene transcription by insulin","volume":"271","author":"Osawa","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/physiol.00034.2021","article-title":"Insulin, muscle glucose uptake, and hexokinase: revisiting the road not taken","volume":"37","author":"Wasserman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Physiology"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0026-0495(88)90154-0","article-title":"Regulation of hepatic glucose output during moderate exercise in non-insulin-dependent diabetes","volume":"37","author":"Jenkins","year":"1988","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14030647","article-title":"Glucose uptake by skeletal muscle within the contexts of type 2 diabetes and exercise: an integrated approach","volume":"14","author":"Hulett","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/BST20221066","article-title":"Insulin signalling and GLUT4 trafficking in insulin resistance","volume":"51","author":"Van Gerwen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biochem Soc Trans"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.83338","article-title":"Microtubule-mediated GLUT4 trafficking is disrupted in insulin-resistant skeletal muscle","volume":"12","author":"Knudsen","year":"2023","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/endrev\/bnab038","article-title":"Post-translational modifications: the signals at the intersection of exercise, glucose uptake, and insulin sensitivity","volume":"43","author":"Stocks","year":"2022","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.48.5.1192","article-title":"Acute exercise induces GLUT4 translocation in skeletal muscle of normal human subjects and subjects with type 2 diabetes","volume":"48","author":"Kennedy","year":"1999","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.1988.254.3.E248","article-title":"Effect of physical exercise on sensitivity and responsiveness to insulin in humans","volume":"254","author":"Mikines","year":"1988","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1042\/CS20070134","article-title":"Improved insulin sensitivity after a single bout of exercise is curvilinearly related to exercise energy expenditure","volume":"114","author":"Magkos","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Sci"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2023.12.008","article-title":"Exercise induces tissue-specific adaptations to enhance cardiometabolic health","volume":"36","author":"Ashcroft","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00707.2003","article-title":"Effect of the volume and intensity of exercise training on insulin sensitivity","volume":"96","author":"Houmard","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1620\/tjem.227.289","article-title":"Duration of exercise as a key determinant of improvement in insulin sensitivity in type 2 diabetes patients","volume":"227","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"Tohoku J Exp Med"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dci22-0034","article-title":"Management of hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes, 2022. A consensus report by the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD)","volume":"45","author":"Davies","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2024.111982","article-title":"Physical activity guidelines for adults with type 2 diabetes: systematic review","volume":"220","author":"Tonga","year":"2025","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-022-01673-4","article-title":"Dose-dependent effect of supervised aerobic exercise on HbA1c in patients with type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"52","author":"Jayedi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1186\/s40798-019-0194-z","article-title":"The role of aerobic training variables progression on glycemic control of patients with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review with meta-analysis","volume":"5","author":"Delevatti","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sports Med - Open"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc12-0658","article-title":"The effects of free-living interval-walking training on glycemic control, body composition, and physical fitness in type 2 diabetic patients","volume":"36","author":"Karstoft","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-014-3334-5","article-title":"Mechanisms behind the superior effects of interval vs continuous training on glycaemic control in individuals with type 2 diabetes: a randomised controlled trial","volume":"57","author":"Karstoft","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-016-4170-6","article-title":"The effects of 2 weeks of interval vs continuous walking training on glycaemic control and whole-body oxidative stress in individuals with type 2 diabetes: a controlled, randomised, crossover trial","volume":"60","author":"Karstoft","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2023.110575","article-title":"Aquatic training improves HbA1c, blood pressure and functional outcomes of patients with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review with meta-analysis","volume":"197","author":"Leonel","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc26-S013","article-title":"13. Older adults: Standards of care in diabetes\u20142026","volume":"49","year":"2026","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1224161","article-title":"Dose-response relationships of resistance training in type 2 diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"14","author":"Su","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1007\/s00592-024-02413-y","article-title":"Effects of resistance training on cardiovascular risk factors in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"62","author":"Sun","year":"2024","journal-title":"Acta Diabetol"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2025.112079","article-title":"The efficacy of resistance exercise training on metabolic health, body composition, and muscle strength in older adults with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"222","author":"Feng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2025.112941","article-title":"Resistance training enhances metabolic and muscular health and reduces systemic inflammation in middle-aged and older adults with type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis","volume":"229","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00315125241241785","article-title":"Feasibility and usefulness of repetitions-in-reserve scales for selecting exercise intensity: a scoping review","volume":"131","author":"Bastos","year":"2024","journal-title":"Percept Mot Skills"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-023-01937-7","article-title":"Maximal number of repetitions at percentages of the one repetition maximum: a meta-regression and moderator analysis of sex, age, training status, and exercise","volume":"54","author":"Nuzzo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2025.112884","article-title":"Validity of repetitions in reserve for prescribing resistance exercise in older adults","volume":"210","author":"G\u00f3mez-Redondo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Exp Gerontology"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-024-02069-2","article-title":"Exploring the dose\u2013response relationship between estimated resistance training proximity to failure, strength gain, and muscle hypertrophy: a series of meta-regressions","volume":"54","author":"Robinson","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjdrc-2021-002595","article-title":"Effect of resistance training on HbA1c in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus and the moderating effect of changes in muscular strength: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"10","author":"Jansson","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.3591","article-title":"Exercise modalities for type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized trials","volume":"39","author":"Hou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Res Rev"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2025.112027","article-title":"Effects of exercise training and physical activity advice on HbA1c in people with type 2 diabetes: a network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"221","author":"Garcia","year":"2025","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2025.1518871","article-title":"Comparative effectiveness of different exercise modality on glycaemic control and lipid profile for prediabetes: systematic review and network meta-analysis","volume":"16","author":"Yan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-023-05958-9","article-title":"Strength training is more effective than aerobic exercise for improving glycaemic control and body composition in people with normal-weight type 2 diabetes: a randomised controlled trial","volume":"66","author":"Kobayashi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2020.11.010","article-title":"Effects of blood flow restriction exercise and possible applications in type 2 diabetes","volume":"32","author":"Saatmann","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2024.1409267","article-title":"Effect of blood flow-restrictive resistance training on metabolic disorder and body composition in older adults with type 2 diabetes: a randomized controlled study","volume":"15","author":"Ma","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smhs.2025.10.002","article-title":"Evaluating the effectiveness of blood flow restriction training in older adults: an overview of systematic reviews","volume":"8","author":"De Queiros","year":"2026","journal-title":"Sports Med Health Sci"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2025.12.016","article-title":"Blood-flow restriction resistance training improves skeletal muscle mitochondrial capacity and cardiovascular risk factors in type 2 diabetes","volume":"38","author":"Trinks","year":"2026","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"B49","unstructured":"Matthews\n              EL\n            \n            \n              Werner\n              TJ\n            \n            \n              Rolnick\n              ND\n            \n          \n          Blood Flow Restriction (Bfr) Resistance Exercise 101 | Infographic\n          \n          2026"},{"key":"B50","unstructured":"Blood Flow Restriction Training Guidelines\n          \n          2021"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2022.808622","article-title":"A useful blood flow restriction training risk stratification for exercise and rehabilitation","volume":"13","author":"Nascimento","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-014-3303-z","article-title":"Impact of different training modalities on glycaemic control and blood lipids in patients with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and network meta-analysis","volume":"57","author":"Schwingshackl","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-025-03048-1","article-title":"The effect of exercise characteristics on HbA1c and other cardiovascular risk factors in adults with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials","volume":"25","author":"Michielsen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjdrc-2024-004400","article-title":"Effects of concurrent aerobic and strength training in patients with type 2 diabetes: bayesian pairwise and dose-response meta-analysis","volume":"12","author":"Xue","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2017.1364405","article-title":"The physiological effects of concurrent strength and endurance training sequence: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"36","author":"Murlasits","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Sports Sci"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2023.1072679","article-title":"Effects of concurrent training sequence on VO2max and lower limb strength performance: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"14","author":"Gao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cegh.2024.101747","article-title":"Impact of concurrent training sequence on heart rate variability, glycemic control, body composition, lipid profile, and cardiorespiratory fitness in type 2 diabetes patients with cardiac autonomic neuropathy: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"29","author":"Zaki","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin Epidemiol Glob Health"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0340587","article-title":"Impact of exercise sequence in concurrent training on insulin resistance, glycemic control, and blood pressure in type 2 diabetes","volume":"21","author":"Amare","year":"2026","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1186\/s13102-026-01528-9","article-title":"Impact of concurrent training order on cardiorespiratory fitness, glucose tolerance, and obesity indices in type 2 diabetic patients: randomized controlled trial","volume":"18","author":"Amare","year":"2026","journal-title":"BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00486.2014","article-title":"Resistance exercise-induced S6K1 kinase activity is not inhibited in human skeletal muscle despite prior activation of AMPK by high-intensity interval cycling","volume":"308","author":"Apr\u00f3","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00479.2015","article-title":"Concurrent exercise incorporating high-intensity interval or continuous training modulates mTORC1 signaling and microRNA expression in human skeletal muscle","volume":"310","author":"Fyfe","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Physiol-Regul Integr Comp Physiol"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2015-0534","article-title":"Signaling responses after varying sequencing of strength and endurance training in a fed state","volume":"11","author":"Jones","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Sports Physiol Perform"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fspor.2025.1692399","article-title":"The effects, mechanisms, and influencing factors of concurrent strength and endurance training with different sequences: a semi-systematic review","volume":"7","author":"Feng","year":"2026","journal-title":"Front Sports Active Living"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-021-01587-7","article-title":"Compatibility of concurrent aerobic and strength training for skeletal muscle size and function: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"52","author":"Schumann","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2024.11.004","article-title":"Physical activity and exercise intensity terminology: a joint american college of sports medicine (ACSM) expert statement and exercise and sport science Australia (ESSA) consensus statement","volume":"28","author":"Bishop","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Sci Med Sport"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-024-02057-6","article-title":"The best exercise modality and dose to reduce glycosylated hemoglobin in patients with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review with pairwise, network, and dose\u2013response meta-analyses","volume":"54","author":"Liang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16214163","article-title":"High-intensity interval training versus moderate-intensity continuous training in middle-aged and older patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomized controlled crossover trial of the acute effects of treadmill walking on glycemic control","volume":"16","author":"Mendes","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.2337\/dc23-0800","article-title":"Optimal dose and type of physical activity to improve glycemic control in people diagnosed with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"47","author":"Gallardo-G\u00f3mez","year":"2024","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2026.01.015","article-title":"Exercise timing and circadian regulation of metabolism in type 2 diabetes","author":"Schmidt Kj\u00f8lner Hansen","year":"2026","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/JES.0000000000000172","article-title":"Syncing exercise with meals and circadian clocks","volume":"47","author":"Heden","year":"2019","journal-title":"Exercise Sport Sci Rev"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-018-4767-z","article-title":"Afternoon exercise is more efficacious than morning exercise at improving blood glucose levels in individuals with type 2 diabetes: a randomised crossover trial","volume":"62","author":"Savikj","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.14676","article-title":"Morning versus afternoon physical activity and health-related outcomes in individuals with type 2 diabetes","volume":"24","author":"Hetherington-Rauth","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes Metab"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dsi22-0017","article-title":"Is there an optimal time of day for exercise? A commentary on when to exercise for people living with type 1 or type 2 diabetes","volume":"36","author":"Riddell","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diabetes Spectr"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgae908","article-title":"Tailoring exercise prescription for effective diabetes glucose management","volume":"110","author":"Lewis","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-025-06477-5","article-title":"Inflammatory markers and blood glucose are higher after morning vs afternoon exercise in type 2 diabetes","volume":"68","author":"Keller","year":"2025","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcjd.2020.05.012","article-title":"Does exercise timing affect 24-hour glucose concentrations in adults with type 2 diabetes? A follow up to the exercise-physical activity and diabetes glucose monitoring study","volume":"44","author":"Munan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Can J Diabetes"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000002139","article-title":"The effect of exercise timing on glycemic control: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"52","author":"Teo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exercise"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-018-0864-x","article-title":"The effects of postprandial exercise on glucose control in individuals with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review","volume":"48","author":"Borror","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-022-01808-7","article-title":"After dinner rest a while, after supper walk a mile? A systematic review with meta-analysis on the acute postprandial glycemic response to exercise before and after meal ingestion in healthy subjects and patients with impaired glucose tolerance","volume":"53","author":"Engeroff","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16081170","article-title":"Exercise prescription for postprandial glycemic management","volume":"16","author":"Bellini","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/4045717","article-title":"Exercising tactically for taming postmeal glucose surges","volume":"2016","author":"Chacko","year":"2016","journal-title":"Scientifica"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000001732","article-title":"Exercise timing in type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review","volume":"50","author":"Teo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exercise"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2025.112031","article-title":"Acute effects of a single bout structured resistance and combined exercise on blood glucose profile during exercise in patients with type 2 diabetes and healthy adults: a randomized crossover study","volume":"221","author":"Huang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-015-3861-8","article-title":"Associations of total amount and patterns of sedentary behaviour with type 2 diabetes and the metabolic syndrome: the maastricht study","volume":"59","author":"Van Der Berg","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-013-3069-8","article-title":"Association between objectively assessed sedentary time and physical activity with metabolic risk factors among people with recently diagnosed type 2 diabetes","volume":"57","author":"Cooper","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00022.2022","article-title":"Physiology of sedentary behavior","volume":"103","author":"Pinto","year":"2023","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep32044","article-title":"Frequent interruptions of sedentary time modulates contraction- and insulin-stimulated glucose uptake pathways in muscle: ancillary analysis from randomized clinical trials","volume":"6","author":"Bergouignan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc20-1410","article-title":"Frequency of interruptions to sitting time: benefits for postprandial metabolism in type 2 diabetes","volume":"44","author":"Homer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-016-4161-7","article-title":"Breaking sitting with light activities vs structured exercise: a randomised crossover study demonstrating benefits for glycaemic control and insulin sensitivity in type 2 diabetes","volume":"60","author":"Duvivier","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2522\/ptj.20080114","article-title":"Exercise and glycemic control in diabetes: benefits, challenges, and adjustments to pharmacotherapy","volume":"88","author":"Gulve","year":"2008","journal-title":"Phys Ther"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diaspect.28.1.64","article-title":"Medication and exercise interactions: considering and managing hypoglycemia risk","volume":"28","author":"Shahar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Diabetes Spectr"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-021-04781-7","article-title":"The effect of insulin on post-exercise hypoglycemia in adults with type 2 diabetes participating in outpatient exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation","volume":"121","author":"Banks","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"B93","first-page":"1","article-title":"Insulin secretion and glucose kinetics during exercise with and without pharmacological a1- and a2-receptor blockade","volume":"50","author":"Aarnio","year":"2001"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcjd.2017.07.004","article-title":"Insulin management strategies for exercise in diabetes","volume":"41","author":"Zaharieva","year":"2017","journal-title":"Can J Diabetes"},{"key":"B95","first-page":"1","article-title":"The effects of acute exercise on metabolic control in type II diabetic patients treated with glimepiride or glibenclarnide","author":"Massi-Benedetti\u2019","year":""},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.103915","article-title":"The effects of metformin and exercise training on cardiorespiratory, blood pressure, and metabolic adaptations across the spectrum of glucose dysregulation: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"95","author":"Etayo-Urtasun","year":"2026","journal-title":"eClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/acel.12880","article-title":"Metformin inhibits mitochondrial adaptations to aerobic exercise training in older adults","volume":"18","author":"Konopka","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aging Cell"},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00432.2025","article-title":"Metformin suppresses the mitochondrial and transcriptional response to exercise, revealing a conserved BCL6B-associated angiogenic program","volume":"139","author":"Bruss","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.70478","article-title":"Metformin attenuates metabolic insulin sensitivity and insulin-stimulated carbohydrate oxidation after high-intensity exercise training in adults at risk for metabolic syndrome","volume":"28","author":"Malin","year":"2026","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes Metab"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00012.2026","article-title":"Influence of metformin on exercise metabolism and capacity: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"330","author":"Grammer","year":"2026","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dci24-0003","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of GLP-1 medicines for type 2 diabetes and obesity","volume":"47","author":"Drucker","year":"2024","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc26-S008","article-title":"8. Obesity and weight management for the prevention and treatment of diabetes: Standards of care in diabetes\u20142026","volume":"49","year":"2026","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2023.12.018","article-title":"Prevention of cardiorenal complications in people with type 2 diabetes and obesity","volume":"36","author":"Drucker","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcdhc.2025.1720794","article-title":"GLP-1 agonists and exercise: the future of lifestyle prioritization","volume":"6","author":"Codella","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Clin Diabetes Healthc"},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2028198","article-title":"Healthy weight loss maintenance with exercise, liraglutide, or both combined","volume":"384","author":"Lundgren","year":"2021","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-023-01765-z","article-title":"Combination of exercise and GLP-1 receptor agonist treatment reduces severity of metabolic syndrome, abdominal obesity, and inflammation: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"22","author":"Sandsdal","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17446651.2023.2204941","article-title":"Treatment of type 2 diabetes patients with heart conditions","volume":"18","author":"Aktas","year":"2023","journal-title":"Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm14070665","article-title":"From sweet to sour: SGLT-2-inhibitor-induced euglycemic diabetic ketoacidosis","volume":"14","author":"Koceva","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Pers Med"},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcjd.2021.04.006","article-title":"Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors and risk of diabetic ketoacidosis among adults with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"46","author":"Colacci","year":"2022","journal-title":"Can J Diabetes"},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4239\/wjd.v12.i5.514","article-title":"Euglycemic diabetic ketoacidosis: a missed diagnosis","volume":"12","author":"Nasa","year":"2021","journal-title":"World J Diabetes"},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjdrc-2023-003666","article-title":"Euglycemic diabetic ketoacidosis in the era of SGLT-2 inhibitors","volume":"11","author":"Chow","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care"},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2654","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2016.11.002","article-title":"SGLT2 inhibitor\u2013associated diabetic ketoacidosis: clinical review and recommendations for prevention and diagnosis","volume":"38","author":"Goldenberg","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Ther"},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc18-2316","article-title":"International consensus on risk management of diabetic ketoacidosis in patients with type 1 diabetes treated with sodium\u2013glucose cotransporter (SGLT) inhibitors","volume":"42","author":"Danne","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1177\/2047487319878371","article-title":"Diabetes as a cardiovascular risk factor: an overview of global trends of macro and micro vascular complications","volume":"26","author":"Dal Canto","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur J Prev Cardiol"},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000001040","article-title":"Comprehensive management of cardiovascular risk factors for adults with type 2 diabetes: a scientific statement from the American heart association","volume":"145","author":"Joseph","year":"2022","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569-023-00877-z","article-title":"Cardiovascular risk in diabetes mellitus: epidemiology, assessment and prevention","volume":"20","author":"Wong","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cardiol"},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000066906.11109.1F","article-title":"Physical activity in relation to cardiovascular disease and total mortality among men with type 2 diabetes","volume":"107","author":"Tanasescu","year":"2003","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc22-0886","article-title":"Physical activity and risk of major diabetes-related complications in individuals with diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies","volume":"45","author":"Rietz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eng.2022.05.013","article-title":"Physical activity, sedentary behavior, and the risk of cardiovascular disease in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients: the MIDiab study","volume":"20","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Engineering"},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5164","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-49542-0","article-title":"Accelerometer-derived physical activity and mortality in individuals with type 2 diabetes","volume":"15","author":"Cao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/54318","article-title":"Dose-response relationship between physical activity and the morbidity and mortality of cardiovascular disease among individuals with diabetes: meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies","volume":"10","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"JMIR Public Health Surveillance"},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc21-1805","article-title":"Effects of intensive lifestyle intervention on all-cause mortality in older adults with type 2 diabetes and overweight\/obesity: results from the look AHEAD study","volume":"45","author":"Wing","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2047487318820420","article-title":"Exercise training for patients with type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease: what to pursue and how to do it. A position paper of the European Association of Preventive Cardiology (EAPC)","volume":"26","author":"Kemps","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur J Prev Cardiol"},{"key":"B124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2047487318805158","article-title":"Exercise training to reduce cardiovascular risk in patients with metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes mellitus: how does it work","volume":"26","author":"Kr\u00e4nkel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur J Prev Cardiol"},{"key":"B125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000461","article-title":"Importance of assessing cardiorespiratory fitness in clinical practice: a case for fitness as a clinical vital sign: a scientific statement from the American heart association","volume":"134","author":"Ross","year":"2016","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"B126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc11-1859","article-title":"Changes in physical fitness predict improvements in modifiable cardiovascular risk factors independently of body weight loss in subjects with type 2 diabetes participating in the italian diabetes and exercise study (IDES)","volume":"35","author":"Balducci","year":"2012","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"B127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc12-2194","article-title":"Categorical analysis of the impact of aerobic and resistance exercise training, alone and in combination, on cardiorespiratory fitness levels in patients with type 2 diabetes","volume":"36","author":"Johannsen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"B128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13098-025-01909-z","article-title":"Comparative effectiveness of high-intensity interval training and moderate-intensity continuous training on cardiometabolic health in patients with diabesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"17","author":"Al-Mhanna","year":"2025","journal-title":"Diabetol Metab Syndr"},{"key":"B129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.124.035721","article-title":"Exercise intolerance in type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"14","author":"Anderson","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"key":"B130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0331737","article-title":"Exploring the limits of exercise capacity in adults with type II diabetes","volume":"20","author":"Michielsen","year":"2025","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2018.00181","article-title":"Mechanisms of aerobic exercise impairment in diabetes: a narrative review","volume":"9","author":"Wahl","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol"},{"key":"B132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2022.1006993","article-title":"Priming exercise accelerates oxygen uptake kinetics during high-intensity cycle exercise in middle-aged individuals with type 2 diabetes","volume":"13","author":"Rocha","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"B133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11154-025-10005-6","article-title":"Optimal dose and effectiveness of different types of physical activity to improve blood pressure in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and network meta-analysis","volume":"27","author":"\u00c1lvarez-Barbosa","year":"2026","journal-title":"Rev Endocr Metab Disord"},{"key":"B134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2024.10.065","article-title":"Accelerometer-measured sedentary behavior and risk of future cardiovascular disease","volume":"85","author":"Ajufo","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"B135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jshs.2024.100973","article-title":"Accelerometer-measured physical activity, sedentary behavior, and incidence of macrovascular and microvascular events in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus and prediabetes","volume":"14","author":"Liang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Sport Health Sci"},{"key":"B136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jshs.2026.101124","article-title":"Clinical guidelines on physical activity and exercise therapy for chinese adults with type 2 diabetes: a clinical practice guideline from the chinese society of endocrinology","volume":"15","author":"Zhang","year":"2026","journal-title":"J Sport Health Sci"},{"key":"B137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-023-01909-x","article-title":"Standardised exercise prescription for patients with chronic coronary syndrome and\/or heart failure: a consensus statement from the EXPERT Working Group","volume":"53","author":"Hansen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"key":"B138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.1239","article-title":"Cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy in diabetes: clinical impact, assessment, diagnosis, and management","volume":"27","author":"Spallone","year":"2011","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Res Rev"},{"key":"B139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-024-06242-0","article-title":"Cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy in diabetes: an update with a focus on management","volume":"67","author":"Eleftheriadou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"B140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc16-2042","article-title":"Diabetic neuropathy: a position statement by the American diabetes association","volume":"40","author":"Pop-Busui","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"B141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-024-02185-3","article-title":"Prevalence and prognostic significance of cardiac autonomic neuropathy in community-based people with type 2 diabetes: the fremantle diabetes study phase II","volume":"23","author":"Davis","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"key":"B142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc09-1294","article-title":"Cardiac autonomic neuropathy in diabetes","volume":"33","author":"Pop-Busui","year":"2010","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"B143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-015-0328-5","article-title":"Chronotropic incompetence during exercise in type 2 diabetes: aetiology, assessment methodology, prognostic impact and therapy","volume":"45","author":"Keytsman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"key":"B144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(00)01054-8","article-title":"Age-predicted maximal heart rate revisited","volume":"37","author":"Tanaka","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"B145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.26.4.986","article-title":"Use of heart rate reserve and rating of perceived exertion to prescribe exercise intensity in diabetic autonomic neuropathy","volume":"26","author":"Colberg","year":"2003","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"B146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/HCR.0000000000000806","article-title":"Among patients taking beta-adrenergic blockade therapy, use measured (not predicted) maximal heart rate to calculate a target heart rate for cardiac rehabilitation","volume":"43","author":"Keteyian","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Cardiopulm Rehabil Prev"},{"key":"B147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurjpc\/zwab007","article-title":"Exercise intensity assessment and prescription in cardiovascular rehabilitation and beyond: why and how: a position statement from the secondary prevention and rehabilitation section of the European association of preventive cardiology","volume":"29","author":"Hansen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur J Prev Cardiol"},{"key":"B148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0251863","article-title":"Effect of exercise training on heart rate variability in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"16","author":"Picard","year":"2021","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare11192668","article-title":"The effect of exercise on cardiovascular autonomic nervous function in patients with diabetes: a systematic review","volume":"11","author":"Hamasaki","year":"2023","journal-title":"Health Care (Don Mills)"},{"key":"B150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jdi.12438","article-title":"Cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy in patients with type 2 diabetes","volume":"7","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Diabetes Investig"},{"key":"B151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13133910","article-title":"Impact of concurrent exercise training on cardiac autonomic modulation, metabolic profile, body composition, cardiorespiratory fitness, and quality of life in type 2 diabetes with cardiac autonomic neuropathy: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"13","author":"Zaki","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"B152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2023.10.018","article-title":"KDIGO 2024 clinical practice guideline for the evaluation and management of chronic kidney disease","volume":"105","year":"2024","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"B153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.10924","article-title":"Clinical manifestations of kidney disease among US adults with diabetes, 1988-2014","volume":"316","author":"Afkarian","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"B154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41581-020-0256-y","article-title":"The tubular hypothesis of nephron filtration and diabetic kidney disease","volume":"16","author":"Vallon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Rev Nephrol"},{"key":"B155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dci22-0027","article-title":"Diabetes management in chronic kidney disease: a consensus report by the American diabetes association (ADA) and kidney disease: improving global outcomes (KDIGO)","volume":"45","author":"De Boer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"B156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2024.06.029","article-title":"Diabetes mellitus\u2014progress and opportunities in the evolving epidemic","volume":"187","author":"Abel","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41581-022-00559-y","article-title":"Glomerular hyperfiltration","volume":"18","author":"Cortinovis","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Rev Nephrol"},{"key":"B158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2016060666","article-title":"Glomerular hyperfiltration in diabetes: mechanisms, clinical significance, and treatment","volume":"28","author":"Tonneijck","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"B159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdiacomp.2025.108955","article-title":"Association between muscle fatigability and diabetic kidney disease complications in patients with type 2 diabetes","volume":"39","author":"Hirano","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Diabetes Complications"},{"key":"B160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2024.1364028","article-title":"Association of different domains of physical activity with diabetic kidney disease: a population-based study","volume":"15","author":"He","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol"},{"key":"B161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.70055","article-title":"Role of physical activity in reducing diabetic kidney disease risk in adults: data from the national health and nutrition examination survey, 2017\u20132018","volume":"41","author":"Tanglai","year":"2025","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Res Rev"},{"key":"B162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/0115733998320832240805113238","article-title":"The impact of low-volume high-intensity interval training (LV-HIIT) on fatty liver index (FLI) and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM)","volume":"21","author":"Raesi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Curr Diabetes Rev"},{"key":"B163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2026.103404","article-title":"Effect of combined aerobic and resistance training on kidney health in adults with type 2 diabetes: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"20","author":"Burton","year":"2026","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Syndr Clin Res Rev"},{"key":"B164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11255-024-03987-w","article-title":"Effect of exercise-based rehabilitation on functional capacity and renal function in type 2 diabetes mellitus with nephropathy: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"56","author":"Nataraj","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int Urol Nephrol"},{"key":"B165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2761","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-53333-4","article-title":"The effect of periodic resistance training on obese patients with type 2 diabetic nephropathy","volume":"14","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjdrc-2024-004079","article-title":"Within and post-trial effects of an intensive lifestyle intervention on kidney disease in adults with overweight or obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus: a secondary analysis of the Look AHEAD clinical trial","volume":"12","author":"Knowler","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care"},{"key":"B167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xkme.2024.100814","article-title":"The 10-year effects of intensive lifestyle intervention on kidney outcomes","volume":"6","author":"Lavenburg","year":"2024","journal-title":"Kidney Med"},{"key":"B168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/BSR20203624","article-title":"Effects of physical activity on the progression of diabetic nephropathy: a meta-analysis","volume":"41","author":"Cai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biosci Rep"},{"key":"B169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtumed.2022.11.002","article-title":"Effect of exercise on renal function in diabetic nephropathy\u2014a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"18","author":"Nataraj","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Taibah Univ Med Sci"},{"key":"B170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-025-02401-w","article-title":"Diabetes and its complications: molecular mechanisms, prevention and treatment","volume":"11","author":"Zhao","year":"2026","journal-title":"Signal Transduction Targeted Ther"},{"key":"B171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2026.1762255","article-title":"Exerkines in diabetic retinopathy: from mechanisms to therapeutic prospects","volume":"17","author":"Zhu","year":"2026","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol"},{"key":"B172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc26-S012","article-title":"12. Retinopathy, neuropathy, and foot care: Standards of Care in Diabetes\u20142026","volume":"49","year":"2026","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"B173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00592-019-01319-4","article-title":"Physical activity and risk of diabetic retinopathy: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"56","author":"Ren","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Diabetol"},{"key":"B174","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0172890","article-title":"Higher levels of physical activity are independently associated with a lower incidence of diabetic retinopathy in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes: a prospective cohort study, diabetes distress and care registry at tenri (DDCRT15)","volume":"12","author":"Kuwata","year":"2017","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B175","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0239214","article-title":"Effect of physical activity on reducing the risk of diabetic retinopathy progression: 10-year prospective findings from the 45 and up study","volume":"16","author":"Yan","year":"2021","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B176","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7189\/jogh.15.04319","article-title":"The effects of physical activity on diabetic retinopathy in type 2 diabetes using automated vascular analysis: a cohort study","volume":"15","author":"Xiang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Glob Health"},{"key":"B177","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1186\/s13098-025-01745-1","article-title":"Association of wearable device-measured physical activity with full-course diabetic retinopathy and retinal traits: insights from the middle-aged and older adult cohort","volume":"17","author":"Shen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Diabetol Metab Syndr"},{"key":"B178","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-025-06590-5","article-title":"An evening chronotype is associated with the incidence and progression of diabetic retinopathy in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a cohort study","volume":"69","author":"Tokoro","year":"2026","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"B179","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mvr.2023.104556","article-title":"The effect of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise on non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy in type II diabetes mellitus patients: A clinical trial","volume":"149","author":"Soleimani","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microvasc Res"},{"key":"B180","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1186\/s40798-025-00863-4","article-title":"Impact of exercise training in patients with diabetic peripheral neuropathy: an umbrella review","volume":"11","author":"Gracia-S\u00e1nchez","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sports Med - Open"},{"key":"B181","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj-2024-081217","article-title":"Advances in the pathophysiology and treatment of diabetic peripheral neuropathy","volume":"392","author":"Fridman","year":"2026","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"B182","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD007543.pub2","article-title":"Enhanced glucose control for preventing and treating diabetic neuropathy","volume":"2012","author":"Callaghan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"B183","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1186\/s13102-025-01136-z","article-title":"Interventional effects of exercise on neuropathy in patients with diabetes: a systematic review with meta-analysis","volume":"17","author":"Nguyen","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil"},{"key":"B184","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fragi.2025.1507232","article-title":"Exploring the exercise for enhancing postural control, gait, and muscle strength in older adults with diabetic peripheral neuropathy: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"6","author":"Pang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Aging"},{"key":"B185","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2025.1610955","article-title":"Effectiveness of exercise on musculoskeletal function and clinical outcomes in patients with diabetic peripheral neuropathy: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"16","author":"Yang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"B186","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2026.1756867","article-title":"Exercise training and balance function in middle-aged and older adults with diabetic peripheral neuropathy: a GRADE-based systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"14","author":"Ma","year":"2026","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"B187","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27291","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-78188-7","article-title":"Effectiveness of a web-based foot-ankle exercise program for treating ulcer risk factors in diabetic neuropathy in a randomized controlled trial","volume":"14","author":"Ferreira","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1615439","article-title":"Diabetic foot ulcers and their recurrence","volume":"376","author":"Armstrong","year":"2017","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B189","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.3649","article-title":"Clinical and biomechanical effectiveness of foot-ankle exercise programs and weight-bearing activity in people with diabetes and neuropathy: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"40","author":"Van Netten","year":"2024","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Res Rev"},{"key":"B190","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.3651","article-title":"Guidelines on the prevention of foot ulcers in persons with diabetes (IWGDF 2023 update)","volume":"40","author":"Bus","year":"2024","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Res Rev"},{"key":"B191","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1177\/039463201002300404","article-title":"Limited joint mobility in diabetes and ageing: recent advances in pathogenesis and therapy","volume":"23","author":"Abate","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol"},{"key":"B192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archger.2010.09.011","article-title":"Limited joint mobility (LJM) in elderly subjects with type II diabetes mellitus","volume":"53","author":"Abate","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch Gerontol Geriatr"},{"key":"B193","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1186\/s40798-023-00661-w","article-title":"The effects of stretching exercise on levels of blood glucose: a systematic review with meta-analysis","volume":"10","author":"Thomas","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sports Med - Open"},{"key":"B194","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2025.1499051","article-title":"Effect of traditional chinese exercise on older patients with diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"16","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol"},{"key":"B195","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2025.1605253","article-title":"The effect of tai chi on glycemic control in type 2 diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"16","author":"Sun","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol"},{"key":"B196","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2023.102922","article-title":"Pilates for people with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review","volume":"18","author":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Devesa","year":"2024","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Syndr Clin Res Rev"},{"key":"B197","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare13091012","article-title":"A pilates exercise program as a therapeutic strategy in older adults with type 2 diabetes: effects on functional capacity and blood glucose","volume":"13","author":"Ruiz-Ariza","year":"2025","journal-title":"Health Care (Don Mills)"},{"key":"B198","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/njcp.njcp_491_25","article-title":"The effects of yoga practice on glycemic control and self-care among low socioeconomic status women with type 2 diabetes: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"28","author":"Solmaz","year":"2025","journal-title":"Niger J Clin Pract"},{"key":"B199","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13300-017-0258-3","article-title":"Resistance training for glycemic control, muscular strength, and lean body mass in old type 2 diabetic patients: a meta-analysis","volume":"8","author":"Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diabetes Ther"},{"key":"B200","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph192215009","article-title":"Effects of 12-week progressive sandbag exercise training on glycemic control and muscle strength in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus combined with possible sarcopenia","volume":"19","author":"Chien","year":"2022","journal-title":"IJERPH"},{"key":"B201","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1186\/s13102-025-01105-6","article-title":"Psychophysiological effects of a supervised home-based resistance band exercise program in pre-frail older patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"17","author":"Hu","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil"},{"key":"B202","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fspor.2025.1649305","article-title":"Effects of elastic band resistance training on lower limb strength and balance function in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"7","author":"Meng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Sports Active Living"},{"key":"B203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcjd.2024.12.002","article-title":"The impact of resistance training and diabetes education on physical functioning, frailty status, and glycemia in older adults with short- and long-duration type 2 diabetes: a secondary analysis of the band-frail study","volume":"49","author":"Thomson","year":"2025","journal-title":"Can J Diabetes"},{"key":"B204","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13102-025-01350-9","article-title":"Effect of thera-band resistance training on diabetic patients with frailty syndrome","volume":"17","author":"Ye","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil"},{"key":"B205","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2022.109785","article-title":"Worldwide estimates of incidence of type 2 diabetes in children and adolescents in 2021","volume":"185","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"key":"B206","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanwpc.2024.101206","article-title":"Population-based prevalence of self-reported pediatric diabetes and screening for undiagnosed type 2 diabetes in chinese children in years 2017\u20132019, a cross-sectional study","volume":"52","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Reg Health - West Pac"},{"key":"B207","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(23)00025-6","article-title":"Trends in incidence of youth-onset type 1 and type 2 diabetes in the USA, 2002\u201318: results from the population-based SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth study","volume":"11","author":"Wagenknecht","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"key":"B208","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2025.60507","article-title":"Pediatric diabetes prevalence among Medicaid beneficiaries","volume":"9","author":"Zhang","year":"2026","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"B209","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2024.111879","article-title":"Type 2 diabetes in children and adolescents: Challenges for treatment and potential solutions","volume":"217","author":"Lee Jia Jia","year":"2024","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"key":"B210","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000543033","article-title":"ISPAD clinical practice consensus guidelines 2024: type 2 diabetes in children and adolescents","volume":"97","author":"Shah","year":"2024","journal-title":"Horm Res Paediatr"},{"key":"B211","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/pedi.13452","article-title":"ISPAD clinical practice consensus guidelines 2022: exercise in children and adolescents with diabetes","volume":"23","author":"Adolfsson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pediatr Diabetes"},{"key":"B212","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc26-S014","article-title":"14. Children and adolescents: standards of care in diabetes\u20142026","volume":"49","year":"2026","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"B213","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/pedi.12144","article-title":"Impact of regular physical activity on blood glucose control and cardiovascular risk factors in adolescents with type 2 diabetes mellitus - a multicenter study of 578 patients from 225 centres","volume":"16","author":"Herbst","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pediatr Diabetes"},{"key":"B214","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3675","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-025-23767-0","article-title":"The role of lifestyle factors in type 2 diabetes in children and adolescents: a systematic review","volume":"25","author":"Fortnum","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"B215","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.12713","article-title":"Exercise training improves vascular function in adolescents with type 2 diabetes","volume":"4","author":"Naylor","year":"2016","journal-title":"Physiol Rep"},{"key":"B216","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pedn.2020.09.012","article-title":"Exercise adherence in Hispanic adolescents with obesity or type 2 diabetes","volume":"56","author":"Faulkner","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Pediatr Nurs"},{"key":"B217","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2023.12.025","article-title":"Understanding the variation in exercise responses to guide personalized physical activity prescriptions","volume":"36","author":"Noone","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"B218","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2018-01820","article-title":"Effects of aerobic and resistance training on circulating micro-RNA expression profile in subjects with type 2 diabetes","volume":"104","author":"Olioso","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B219","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2019.11.001","article-title":"Gut microbiome fermentation determines the efficacy of exercise for diabetes prevention","volume":"31","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Metab"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Endocrinology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fendo.2026.1887543\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T11:45:49Z","timestamp":1787226349000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fendo.2026.1887543\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]]},"references-count":219,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fendo.2026.1887543"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fendo.2026.1887543","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-2392"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-2392","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]]},"article-number":"1887543"}}