{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T05:03:01Z","timestamp":1789448581801,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789430400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Endocrinol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Prediabetes is increasingly prevalent, and women transitioning through menopause may face a particularly elevated risk of progressing to type 2 diabetes (T2DM). Estrogen deficiency promotes adiposity, insulin resistance, and inflammation, potentially amplifying the metabolic burden of aging. However, the determinants of T2DM in these women remain insufficiently characterized.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This retrospective study included 229 prediabetic women evaluated at a tertiary-care hospital and followed for up to 5.5 years. Prediabetes was defined according to ADA criteria and women were classified as premenopausal (&amp;lt; 51 years), early postmenopausal (51\u201360 years), or late postmenopausal (&amp;gt; 60 years). Clinical and biochemical variables were analyzed for hazard ratios (HR) of T2DM using Cox regression, and Kaplan-Meier curves.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>During follow\u2212up, 18% of premenopausal and 35% of postmenopausal women developed T2DM. Higher BMI predicted T2DM in both groups. In postmenopausal women, IGT (HR: 2.59), hypertension (HR: 3.91), lower HDL\u2212C (HR: 0.96), lower vitamin D (HR: 0.93), and reduced eGFR (HR: 0.97) were independently associated with T2DM. Stratification revealed that early post-menopause carried the highest incidence of T2DM. In early post-menopause, higher BMI and uric acid, and lower vitamin D were independent predictors, whereas in late post-menopause, hypertension and reduced eGFR were the strongest determinants.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Risk Factors associated with progression to T2DM in prediabetic women appear to differ across age-defined menopausal stages. Excess adiposity remains a key factor, whereas early post-menopause is characterized by additional associations with hyperuricemia and vitamin D deficiency. In late post-menopause, hypertension and declining renal function appear to be more prominent. These findings support stage-specific risk assessment and tailored preventive strategies in prediabetic women.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2026.1891487","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T04:27:33Z","timestamp":1789446453000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Identification of risk factors for type 2 diabetes across age-based proxies of early and late postmenopausal stages in prediabetic women"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Juan Carlos","family":"Lizarzaburu-Robles","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"PhD Program in Medicine and Surgery, Doctoral School, Aut\u00f3noma University","place":["Madrid, Spain"]},{"name":"Laboratory of Vascular Pathology and Diabetes, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria (IIS)-Fundaci\u00f3n Jim\u00e9nez D\u00edaz, Aut\u00f3noma 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