{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T05:43:39Z","timestamp":1785908619397,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785888000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007847","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jilin Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007847","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Endocrinol."],"abstract":"\n Objective<\/jats:title>\n \n Impaired islet\n \u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n -cell function is the core mechanism underlying type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). This study investigated the association between islet\n \u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n -cell function and time in range (TIR) in patients with T2DM, providing a reference for individualized clinical treatment.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n \n This retrospective cross-sectional observational l study included 1,160 patients with confirmed T2DM. Participants underwent continuous glucose monitoring (CGM). TIR &gt;70% was defined as achieving the glycemic target. Subjects were divided into three groups based on TIR levels (&lt;70%, 70%\u201384%, and \u226585%). The\n \u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n -cell function index\n HOMA<\/jats:italic>\n 2\u2013\n \u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n was calculated using the Homeostasis Model Assessment 2 as the core research indicator.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n The high TIR group had significantly higher HOMA2-\n \u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n (P &lt; 0.001). Multiple linear regression analysis showed a robust positive correlation between HOMA2-\n \u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n and TIR after adjusting for covariates (\n \u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n \u00a0=\u00a00.402, 95% CI: 0.358\u20130.447, P &lt; 0.001). Restricted cubic spline (RCS) analysis revealed a significant nonlinear relationship between HOMA2-\n \u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n and TIR (P for nonlinearity &lt; 0.001). TIR increased with rising HOMA2-\n \u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n , but the rate of increase gradually slowed. Specifically, when HOMA2-\n \u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n increased from approximately 10% to 100%, the predicted TIR rose rapidly from about 38% to approximately 96%, representing an increase of 58%. Sensitivity analysis using HOMA2-\n \u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n calculated from fasting C-peptide instead of fasting insulin yielded consistent conclusions.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n \n A significant, nonlinear association exists between islet\n \u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n -cell function\n HOMA<\/jats:italic>\n 2\u2013\n \u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n and TIR. TIR levels increase progressively with higher HOMA2-\n \u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n . Although the cross-sectional design precludes causal inference, these findings provide important reference values for clinical decision-making.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2026.1901834","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T04:44:17Z","timestamp":1785905057000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Association between islet \u03b2-cell function and time in range in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a retrospective cross-sectional study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Ningning","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University","place":["Changchun, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ling","family":"Lv","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University","place":["Changchun, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhaoyang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University","place":["Changchun, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanjun","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University","place":["Changchun, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2021.109119","article-title":"IDF Diabetes Atlas: global, regional and country-level diabetes prevalence estimates for 2021 and projections for 2045","volume":"183","author":"Sun","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin 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