{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T13:29:00Z","timestamp":1786541340682,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":136,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786492800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Endocrinol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Luteinizing hormone (LH) and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) are glycoprotein hormones that regulate human reproduction. Although they bind the same G protein-coupled membrane receptor (LHCGR) and have high percentage of structural identity, recent advances demonstrate that they mediate different signaling pattern according to their separate physiological roles. This review explores the role of LHCGR in determining the evolutionary, genetic, and physiological differences between LH and hCG. Some of these differences were revealed by mutations of the receptors, allowing the identification of LH- and hCG-specific functions in women and men. This knowledge is useful to optimize the use of molecules in clinical practice, aiming toward personalized therapies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2026.1917693","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T12:34:06Z","timestamp":1786538046000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["LHCGR phamacodynamic effects during follicular maturation"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Carmela","family":"Perri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia","place":["Modena, Italy"]},{"name":"International Ph.D. School in Clinical and Experimental Medicine (CEM), University of Modena and Reggio Emilia","place":["Modena, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Livio","family":"Casarini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia","place":["Modena, Italy"]},{"name":"Center for Genomic Research, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia","place":["Modena, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clara","family":"Lazzaretti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia","place":["Modena, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/ER.2018-00065","article-title":"Two hormones for one receptor: Evolution, biochemistry, actions, and pathophysiology of LH and hCG","volume":"39","author":"Casarini","year":"2018","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2020.05.022","article-title":"Shortcomings of an unphysiological triggering of oocyte maturation using human chorionic gonadotropin","volume":"114","author":"Andersen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7827-12-95","article-title":"A review of luteinising hormone and human chorionic gonadotropin when used in assisted reproductive technology","volume":"12","author":"Ezcurra","year":"2014","journal-title":"Reprod Biol Endocrinol"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7827-7-8","article-title":"New discoveries on the biology and detection of human chorionic gonadotropin","volume":"7","author":"Cole","year":"2009","journal-title":"Reprod Biol Endocrinol"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)41303-3","article-title":"The amino acid sequence of human chorionic gonadotropin. 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