{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T05:03:54Z","timestamp":1790831034824,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Endocrinol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The Cholesterol-High-Density Lipoprotein-Glucose (CHG) index is a novel composite metabolic biomarker. We aimed to evaluate the relationship between the CHG index and albuminuria prevalence in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 1842 T2DM patients at Jinjiang Municipal Hospital were enrolled in this cross-sectional study. Albuminuria was defined as a urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR) &amp;gt; 30 mg\/g. Multivariable logistic regression, restricted cubic spline modeling, subgroup analyses, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis were performed to evaluate the independent association.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Patients with albuminuria (n=324) had higher CHG index values. After full adjustment, an elevated CHG index was significantly associated with higher odds of albuminuria (\n                      <jats:italic>OR=2.097, 95%CI:1.438-3.060, P&amp;lt;0.001<\/jats:italic>\n                      ). Restricted cubic spline analysis revealed a J-shaped nonlinear relationship, with an inflection point at 6.402. The association was more pronounced in patients with hypertension. The CHG index demonstrated an area under curve (AUC) of 63.28% for distinguishing albuminuria, outperforming other metabolic indices.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The CHG index was nonlinearly associated with albuminuria prevalence in patients with T2DM; however, its cross-sectional design precludes causal inference.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2026.1937841","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T04:44:20Z","timestamp":1790829860000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Association between the cholesterol-high-density lipoprotein-glucose (CHG) index and albuminuria risk in diabetic patients"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Yuren","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Jinjiang Municipal Hospital, Shanghai Sixth People\u2019s Hospital Fujian","place":["Quanzhou, Fujian, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinting","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Jinjiang Municipal Hospital, Shanghai Sixth People\u2019s Hospital Fujian","place":["Quanzhou, Fujian, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yiping","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Jinjiang Municipal Hospital, Shanghai Sixth People\u2019s Hospital Fujian","place":["Quanzhou, Fujian, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yinan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Jinjiang Municipal Hospital, Shanghai Sixth People\u2019s Hospital Fujian","place":["Quanzhou, Fujian, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiaolan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Jinjiang Municipal Hospital, Shanghai Sixth People\u2019s Hospital Fujian","place":["Quanzhou, Fujian, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2021.109119","article-title":"IDF Diabetes Atlas: global, regional and country-level diabetes prevalence estimates for 2021 and projections for 2045","volume":"183","author":"Sun","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10557-020-07035-4","article-title":"The potential of albuminuria as a biomarker of diabetic complications","volume":"35","author":"Raja","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Drugs Ther"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/hjh.0000000000001674","article-title":"Microvascular endothelial dysfunction is associated with albuminuria: the Maastricht Study","volume":"36","author":"Martens","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Hypertens"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4093\/dmj.2021.0329","article-title":"Pathophysiologic mechanisms and potential biomarkers in diabetic kidney disease","volume":"46","author":"Jung","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab J"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/circulationaha.124.071079","article-title":"Albuminuria in cardiovascular, kidney, and metabolic disorders: a state-of-the-art review","volume":"151","author":"Claudel","year":"2025","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/jaha.123.030131","article-title":"Albuminuria: an underappreciated risk factor for cardiovascular disease","volume":"13","author":"Barzilay","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jdi.14343","article-title":"A novel index for diagnosis of type 2 diabetes mellitus: cholesterol, high density lipoprotein, and glucose (CHG) index","volume":"16","author":"Mansoori","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Diabetes Investig"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-025-02675-y","article-title":"Cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein, and glucose index versus triglyceride-glucose index in predicting cardiovascular disease risk: a cohort study","volume":"24","author":"Mo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-026-03137-9","article-title":"Associations of cumulative exposure and dynamic trajectories of cholesterol-HDL-glucose (CHG) index with cardiovascular disease in middle-aged and older Chinese adults: a longitudinal analysis","volume":"25","author":"Zhang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00325481.2026.2661571","article-title":"Nonlinear relationship between the CHG index and MASLD in type 2 diabetes mellitus: mediating role of immunoinflammatory markers","volume":"138","author":"Pan","year":"2026","journal-title":"Postgrad Med"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2026.1757164","article-title":"Evaluation of the CHG index for identifying metabolic dysfunction associated steatotic liver disease: evidence from two independent Asian non-obese populations","volume":"13","author":"Chen","year":"2026","journal-title":"Front Nutr"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/03000605251375557","article-title":"Association between the cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein, and glucose index and type 2 diabetes mellitus prevalence in US adults: a cross-sectional study based on National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2009-2018","volume":"53","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Int Med Res"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12944-025-02714-3","article-title":"Exploring the U-shaped nonlinear relationship of CHG index with metabolic syndrome and mortality risks in metabolic syndrome patients","volume":"24","author":"Wei","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1007\/s40520-025-03243-w","article-title":"Evaluating the role of CHG index in predicting stroke risk among adults with varying glucose regulation","volume":"37","author":"Xiao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Aging Clin Exp Res"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/circ.106.25.3143","article-title":"Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III) final report","volume":"106","year":"2002","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21037\/tp-24-278","article-title":"Constructing a predictive model for early-onset sepsis in neonatal intensive care unit newborns based on SHapley Additive exPlanations explainable machine learning","volume":"13","author":"Tan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Transl Pediatr"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-026-03104-4","article-title":"The cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein, and glucose (CHG) index as a novel metabolic marker for predicting adverse outcomes in myocardial infarction survivors: insights from two large prospective cohorts","volume":"25","author":"Song","year":"2026","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-026-03171-7","article-title":"The prognostic significance of cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein and glucose (CHG) index in evaluating all-cause mortality risk in metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) individuals: evidence from two cohort studies","volume":"25","author":"Wang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.202400215","article-title":"Isoliquiritigenin alleviates diabetic kidney disease via oxidative stress and the TLR4\/NF-\u03baB\/NLRP3 inflammasome pathway","volume":"68","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol Nutr Food Res"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41581-019-0234-4","article-title":"Innate immunity in diabetic kidney disease","volume":"16","author":"Tang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Rev Nephrol"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc13-2573","article-title":"Insulin sensitivity and albuminuria: the RISC study","volume":"37","author":"Pilz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MNH.0b013e32832f7002","article-title":"Role of altered insulin signaling pathways in the pathogenesis of podocyte malfunction and microalbuminuria","volume":"18","author":"Jauregui","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/0886022x.2022.2146512","article-title":"Advances in oxidative stress in pathogenesis of diabetic kidney disease and efficacy of TCM intervention","volume":"45","author":"Ma","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ren Fail"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2023.121661","article-title":"Oxidative stress as a culprit in diabetic kidney disease","volume":"322","author":"Su","year":"2023","journal-title":"Life Sci"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Endocrinology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fendo.2026.1937841\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T04:44:23Z","timestamp":1790829863000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fendo.2026.1937841\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]]},"references-count":24,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fendo.2026.1937841"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fendo.2026.1937841","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-2392"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-2392","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]]},"article-number":"1937841"}}