{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T13:13:16Z","timestamp":1788527596039,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788480000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Endocrinol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is one of the most pressing global public health challenges. Exercise intervention, as a cost-effective and safe non-pharmacological strategy, exerts its metabolic benefits through coordinated multi-organ and multi-target regulation. Metabolomics technologies provide powerful tools for dissecting the molecular mechanisms underlying exercise intervention in T2DM. This narrative review summarizes current evidence on metabolic dysregulation in T2DM and the metabolic mechanisms underlying exercise intervention, with particular emphasis on insights provided by metabolomics. Furthermore, it elaborates the mechanisms by which exercise intervention systemically reverses T2DM-associated metabolic abnormalities: restoring tricarboxylic acid cycle flux to alleviate glycolytic stress; accelerating branched-chain amino acid oxidative catabolism to rectify aromatic amino acid metabolic disturbances; and promoting fatty acid oxidation while clearing lipotoxic products. In addition, this review highlights the clinical potential of metabolomics for predicting exercise responsiveness, dynamically evaluating intervention outcomes and safety, thereby providing a potential basis for more individualized exercise intervention strategies in T2DM.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2026.1939488","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T12:18:33Z","timestamp":1788524313000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Exercise-induced metabolic remodeling in type 2 diabetes mellitus: insights from metabolomics"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Huan","family":"Xiang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physical Education, Shanxi University","place":["Taiyuan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Miao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physical Education, Shanxi University","place":["Taiyuan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinfang","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University","place":["Taiyuan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiheng","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physical Education, Shanxi University","place":["Taiyuan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongyu","family":"Gong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physical Education, Shanxi University","place":["Taiyuan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yumei","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physical Education, Shanxi University","place":["Taiyuan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linlin","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University","place":["Taiyuan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2087","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(23)01296-5","article-title":"Diabetes: a defining disease of the 21st century","volume":"401","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(25)00299-2","article-title":"11th edition of the IDF diabetes atlas: global, regional, and national diabetes prevalence estimates for 2024 and projections for 2050","volume":"14","author":"Genitsaridi","year":"2026","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S89","DOI":"10.2337\/dc26-S005","article-title":"5. Facilitating positive health behaviors and well-being to improve health outcomes: standards of care in diabetes-2026","volume":"49","year":"2026","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00015.2017","article-title":"Interorgan metabolic crosstalk in human insulin resistance","volume":"98","author":"Gancheva","year":"2018","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2020.165936","article-title":"Metabolomics, physical activity, exercise and health: a review of the current evidence","volume":"1866","author":"Kelly","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2018.09.035","article-title":"Proteomics, metabolomics and metagenomics for type 2 diabetes and its complications","volume":"212","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2021.03.020","article-title":"The many actions of insulin in skeletal muscle, the paramount tissue determining glycemia","volume":"33","author":"Sylow","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2011.06.003","article-title":"Hormonal regulation of hepatic glucose production in health and disease","volume":"14","author":"Lin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc25-1707","article-title":"Integrative metabolomics of targeted and nontargeted analyses in T2D progression","volume":"49","author":"Ge","year":"2026","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/jes.0000000000000220","article-title":"Plasma lactate as a marker for metabolic health","volume":"48","author":"Broskey","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exerc Sport Sci Rev"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0055113","article-title":"Lactate and risk of incident diabetes in a case-cohort of the atherosclerosis risk in communities (ARIC) study","volume":"8","author":"Juraschek","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2007.10.013","article-title":"Mitochondrial overload and incomplete fatty acid oxidation contribute to skeletal muscle insulin resistance","volume":"7","author":"Koves","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/13813455.2012.656653","article-title":"Impaired TCA cycle flux in mitochondria in skeletal muscle from type 2 diabetic subjects: marker or maker of the diabetic phenotype","volume":"118","author":"Gaster","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch Physiol Biochem"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-nutr-071715-050656","article-title":"Alterations of mitochondrial function and insulin sensitivity in human obesity and diabetes mellitus","volume":"36","author":"Koliaki","year":"2016","journal-title":"Annu Rev Nutr"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc15-2251","article-title":"Metabolomics in prediabetes and diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"39","author":"Guasch-Ferr\u00e9","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/s2213-8587(13)70143-8","article-title":"Towards metabolic biomarkers of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes: progress from the metabolome","volume":"2","author":"Roberts","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/db13-0570","article-title":"Biomarkers for type 2 diabetes and impaired fasting glucose using a nontargeted metabolomics approach","volume":"62","author":"Menni","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2307","article-title":"Metabolite profiles and the risk of developing diabetes","volume":"17","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biom13081252","article-title":"Divergent survival outcomes associated with elevated branched-chain amino acid levels among older adults with or without hypertension and diabetes: a validated, prospective, longitudinal follow-up study","volume":"13","author":"Fung","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/jci1326","article-title":"Bidirectional modulation of insulin action by amino acids","volume":"101","author":"Patti","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2012.01.024","article-title":"Interplay between lipids and branched-chain amino acids in development of insulin resistance","volume":"15","author":"Newgard","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.13294\/j.aps.2023.0023","article-title":"Regulatory effects and mechanisms of branched chain amino acids and metabolic intermediates on insulin resistance","volume":"75","author":"Bai","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta Physiologica Sin"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241512467","article-title":"Metabolomics of type 2 diabetes mellitus in sprague dawley rats-in search of potential metabolic biomarkers","volume":"24","author":"Ndlovu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3945\/an.111.000737","article-title":"Emerging perspectives on essential amino acid metabolism in obesity and the insulin-resistant state","volume":"2","author":"Adams","year":"2011","journal-title":"Adv Nutr"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/nejm196910092811503","article-title":"Plasma amino acid levels and insulin secretion in obesity","volume":"281","author":"Felig","year":"1969","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2026.1814249","article-title":"Phenylalanine homeostasis in metabolic disorders: epidemiological trends, pathophysiological mechanisms, and clinical treatment","volume":"17","author":"Chen","year":"2026","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/db12-0495","article-title":"Identification of serum metabolites associated with risk of type 2 diabetes using a targeted metabolomic approach","volume":"62","author":"Floegel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-016-4069-2","article-title":"Metabolic signatures and risk of type 2 diabetes in a Chinese population: an untargeted metabolomics study using both LC-MS and GC-MS","volume":"59","author":"Lu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-018-4599-x","article-title":"Metabolomics insights into early type 2 diabetes pathogenesis and detection in individuals with normal fasting glucose","volume":"61","author":"Merino","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqaa016","article-title":"Glycolysis\/gluconeogenesis- and tricarboxylic acid cycle-related metabolites, mediterranean diet, and type 2 diabetes","volume":"111","author":"Guasch-Ferr\u00e9","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc21-1705","article-title":"Metabolomics and type 2 diabetes risk: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies","volume":"45","author":"Morze","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2019.06.005","article-title":"High plasma glutamate and low glutamine-to-glutamate ratio are associated with type 2 diabetes: case-cohort study within the predimed trial","volume":"29","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc12-0895","article-title":"Branched-chain and aromatic amino acids are predictors of insulin resistance in young adults","volume":"36","author":"W\u00fcrtz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26189191","article-title":"The pivotal role of the western diet, hyperinsulinemia, ectopic fat, and diacylglycerol-mediated insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes","volume":"26","author":"Janssen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo11010051","article-title":"L-carnitine and acylcarnitines: mitochondrial biomarkers for precision medicine","volume":"11","author":"McCann","year":"2021","journal-title":"Metabolites"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(63)91500-9","article-title":"The glucose fatty-acid cycle: Its role in insulin sensitivity and the metabolic disturbances of diabetes mellitus","volume":"1","author":"Randle","year":"1963","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc13-0800","article-title":"Glycerol and fatty acids in serum predict the development of hyperglycemia and type 2 diabetes in finnish men","volume":"36","author":"Mahendran","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-025-06341-5","article-title":"Comprehensive review of the expanding roles of the carnitine pool in metabolic physiology: beyond fatty acid oxidation","volume":"23","author":"Xiang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Transl Med"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.108.103754","article-title":"Plasma acylcarnitine profiles suggest incomplete long-chain fatty acid \u03b2-oxidation and altered tricarboxylic acid cycle activity in type 2 diabetic African-american women","volume":"139","author":"Adams","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2018-01000","article-title":"Plasma acylcarnitines and risk of type 2 diabetes in a mediterranean population at high cardiovascular risk","volume":"104","author":"Guasch-Ferr\u00e9","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.04.043","article-title":"Molecular choreography of acute exercise","volume":"181","author":"Contrepois","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-020-05296-0","article-title":"Branched-chain amino acid metabolism, insulin sensitivity and liver fat response to exercise training in sedentary dysglycaemic and normoglycaemic men","volume":"64","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/circulationaha.120.050281","article-title":"Metabolic architecture of acute exercise response in middle-aged adults in the community","volume":"142","author":"Nayor","year":"2020","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2022.155268","article-title":"Exercise timing influences multi-tissue metabolome and skeletal muscle proteome profiles in type 2 diabetic patients: a randomized crossover trial","volume":"135","author":"Savikj","year":"2022","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0300593","article-title":"Metabolic impairments associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus and the potential effects of exercise therapy: an exploratory randomized trial based on untargeted metabolomics","volume":"19","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgae177","article-title":"Moderate-intensity combined training induces lipidomic changes in individuals with obesity and type 2 diabetes","volume":"109","author":"Duft","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.16237\/j.cnki.cn44-1404\/g8.2016.04.018","article-title":"Quantitative biological study of exercise intervention on type 2 diabetes mellitus rats based on serum metabonomics","volume":"23","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Phys Educ"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2017.11.082","article-title":"Metabolomics studies on db\/db diabetic mice in skeletal muscle reveal effective clearance of overloaded intermediates by exercise","volume":"1037","author":"Xiang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anal Chim Acta"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e34917","article-title":"The effect of high-intensity interval training on type 2 diabetic muscle: a metabolomics-based study","volume":"10","author":"Khoramipour","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox13101167","article-title":"Metabolomic profiling reveals that exercise lowers biomarkers of cardiac dysfunction in rats with type 2 diabetes","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Antioxidants (Basel)"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/h07-083","article-title":"Skeletal muscle adaptation to fatty acid depends on coordinated actions of the PPARs and PGC-1\u03b1: implications for metabolic disease","volume":"32","author":"Muoio","year":"2007","journal-title":"Appl Physiol Nutr Metab"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4239\/wjd.v15.i8.1704","article-title":"Mechanism underlying the effects of exercise against type 2 diabetes: a review on research progress","volume":"15","author":"Peng","year":"2024","journal-title":"World J Diabetes"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00118.2023","article-title":"Metformin and exercise effects on postprandial insulin sensitivity and glucose kinetics in pre-diabetic and diabetic adults","volume":"325","author":"Moreno-Caba\u00f1as","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm3314","article-title":"Innovation: Metabolomics: the apogee of the omics trilogy","volume":"13","author":"Patti","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00035.2018","article-title":"Metabolomics for investigating physiological and pathophysiological processes","volume":"99","author":"Wishart","year":"2019","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm.2016.25","article-title":"Metabolomics: beyond biomarkers and towards mechanisms","volume":"17","author":"Johnson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-025-04105-8","article-title":"Circulating metabolites, genetics and lifestyle factors in relation to future risk of type 2 diabetes","volume":"32","author":"Li","year":"2026","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10112832","article-title":"Metabolomics in diabetes and diabetic complications: insights from epidemiological studies","volume":"10","author":"Jin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo16040269","article-title":"Precision exercise in type 2 diabetes mellitus: targeting signaling networks for lipid homeostasis","volume":"16","author":"Tian","year":"2026","journal-title":"Metabolites"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13361-016-1469-y","article-title":"Untargeted metabolomics strategies-challenges and emerging directions","volume":"27","author":"Schrimpe-Rutledge","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Am Soc Mass Spectrom"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41592-021-01197-1","article-title":"Mass spectrometry-based metabolomics: a guide for annotation, quantification and best reporting practices","volume":"18","author":"Alseekh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Methods"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-025-06454-y","article-title":"Effect of acute exercise and exercise training on the ability of insulin to clear branched-chain amino acids from plasma in obesity and type 2 diabetes","volume":"68","author":"M\u00f8ller","year":"2025","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.2337\/db23-0142","article-title":"Divergent skeletal muscle metabolomic signatures of different exercise training modes independently predict cardiometabolic risk factors","volume":"73","author":"Pataky","year":"2024","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ac4016787","article-title":"Pseudotargeted metabolomics method and its application in serum biomarker discovery for hepatocellular carcinoma based on ultra high-performance liquid chromatography\/triple quadrupole mass spectrometry","volume":"85","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Anal Chem"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3724\/sp.J.1123.2025.02011","article-title":"Establishment and application of a knowledge-directed pseudo-targeted analytical method for diabetic retinopathy","volume":"44","author":"Hou","year":"2026","journal-title":"Se Pu"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copbio.2015.02.003","article-title":"A roadmap for interpreting 13C metabolite labeling patterns from cells","volume":"34","author":"Buescher","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr Opin Biotechnol"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1007\/s11306-024-02155-6","article-title":"Analysis types and quantification methods applied in UPLC-MS metabolomics research: A tutorial","volume":"20","author":"Beger","year":"2024","journal-title":"Metabolomics"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2025.1624878","article-title":"Metabolomics uncovers the diabetes metabolic network: from pathophysiological mechanisms to clinical applications","volume":"16","author":"Xu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1237934","article-title":"Metabolite profiles of diabetes mellitus and response to intervention in anti-hyperglycemic drugs","volume":"14","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2016.09.018","article-title":"Metabolomics and metabolic diseases: where do we stand","volume":"25","author":"Newgard","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2024.102971","article-title":"Novel type 2 diabetes prediction score based on traditional risk factors and circulating metabolites: model derivation and validation in two large cohort studies","volume":"79","author":"Xie","year":"2025","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1186\/s40942-025-00682-5","article-title":"Metabolomic biomarkers in vitreous humor: unveiling the molecular landscape of diabetic retinopathy progression","volume":"11","author":"Hiller","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Retina Vitreous"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.2337\/db25-0496","article-title":"\u03b2-Hydroxybutyrylation links ketone metabolism to mitochondrial remodeling in diabetic cardiomyopathy","volume":"75","author":"Jing","year":"2026","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15249","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-33507-7","article-title":"Circulating metabolic biomarkers of renal function in diabetic and non-diabetic populations","volume":"8","author":"Barrios","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.130317","article-title":"Increased lipogenesis and impaired \u03b2-oxidation predict type 2 diabetic kidney disease progression in american indians","volume":"4","author":"Afshinnia","year":"2019","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20051240","article-title":"Muscle-saturated bioactive lipids are increased with aging and influenced by high-intensity interval training","volume":"20","author":"S\u00f8gaard","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2323","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2025.10.013","article-title":"Gut microbiome-adipose crosstalk modulates soluble IL-6 receptor influencing exercise responsiveness in glycemic control and insulin sensitivity","volume":"37","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2023.1332104","article-title":"Research advances in the application of metabolomics in exercise science","volume":"14","author":"Qi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-014-3343-4","article-title":"Metabolite signatures of exercise training in human skeletal muscle relate to mitochondrial remodelling and cardiometabolic fitness","volume":"57","author":"Huffman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.202201037R","article-title":"PLIS: a metabolomic response monitor to a lifestyle intervention study in older adults","volume":"36","author":"Bogaards","year":"2022","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-026-07937-1","article-title":"Metabolomic profiling of intensity-dependent responses to acute exercise in healthy humans","volume":"24","author":"Liu","year":"2026","journal-title":"J Transl Med"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40798-020-0238-4","article-title":"Metabolite concentration changes in humans after a bout of exercise: a systematic review of exercise metabolomics studies","volume":"6","author":"Schranner","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sports Med - Open"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-025-02899-y","article-title":"Unveiling biomarkers via plasma metabolome profiling for diabetic macrovascular and microvascular complications","volume":"24","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-025-06571-8","article-title":"Shared and distinct metabolomics profiles associated with microvascular complications in the diabetes prevention program outcomes study","volume":"69","author":"Perng","year":"2026","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-020-00763-1","article-title":"Large-scale association analyses identify host factors influencing human gut microbiome composition","volume":"53","author":"Kurilshikov","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2018-00546","article-title":"Altered asparagine and glutamate homeostasis precede coronary artery disease and type 2 diabetes","volume":"103","author":"Ottosson","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Endocrinology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fendo.2026.1939488\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T12:18:35Z","timestamp":1788524315000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fendo.2026.1939488\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]]},"references-count":86,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fendo.2026.1939488"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fendo.2026.1939488","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-2392"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-2392","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]]},"article-number":"1939488"}}