{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,11]],"date-time":"2026-11-11T14:44:57Z","timestamp":1794408297556,"version":"4.9.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,21]],"date-time":"2023-02-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1676937600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["INV-036442"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["INV-036442"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Epidemiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\tThere is a growing concern for malaria control in the Horn of Africa region due to the spread and rise in the frequency of <jats:italic>Plasmodium falciparum<\/jats:italic> Histidine-rich Protein (hrp) 2 and 3 deletions. Parasites containing these gene deletions escape detection by the major PfHRP2-based rapid diagnostic test. In this study, the presence of <jats:italic>Pfhrp2\/3<\/jats:italic> deletions was examined in uncomplicated malaria patients in Kilifi County, from a region of moderate-high malaria transmission. 345 samples were collected from the Pingilikani dispensary in 2019\/2020 during routine malaria care for patients attending this primary health care facility. The Carestart\u2122 RDT and microscopy were used to test for malaria. In addition, qPCR was used to confirm the presence of parasites. In total, 249 individuals tested positive for malaria by RDT, 242 by qPCR, and 170 by microscopy. 11 samples that were RDT-negative and microscopy positive and 25 samples that were qPCR-positive and RDT-negative were considered false negative tests and were examined further for <jats:italic>Pfhrp2\/3<\/jats:italic> deletions. <jats:italic>Pfhrp2\/3<\/jats:italic>-negative PCR samples were further genotyped at the dihydrofolate reductase (<jats:italic>Pfdhfr<\/jats:italic>) gene which served to further confirm that parasite DNA was present in the samples. The 242 qPCR-positive samples (confirmed the presence of DNA) were also selected for <jats:italic>Pfhrp2\/3<\/jats:italic> genotyping. To determine the frequency of false negative results in low parasitemia samples, the RDT- and qPCR-negative samples were genotyped for <jats:italic>Pfdhfr<\/jats:italic> before testing for <jats:italic>Pfhrp2\/3<\/jats:italic>. There were no <jats:italic>Pfhrp2<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Pfhrp3<\/jats:italic> negative but positive for <jats:italic>dhfr<\/jats:italic> parasites in the 11 (RDT negative and microscopy positive) and 25 samples (qPCR-positive and RDT-negative). In the larger qPCR-positive sample set, only 5 samples (2.1%) were negative for both <jats:italic>hrp2<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>hrp3<\/jats:italic>, but positive for <jats:italic>dhfr<\/jats:italic>. Of the 5 samples, there were 4 with more than 100 parasites\/\u00b5l, suggesting true <jats:italic>hrp2\/3<\/jats:italic> deletions. These findings revealed that there is currently a low prevalence of <jats:italic>Pfhrp2<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Pfhrp3<\/jats:italic> deletions in the health facility in Kilifi. However, routine monitoring in other primary health care facilities across the different malaria endemicities in Kenya is urgently required to ensure appropriate use of malaria RDTs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fepid.2023.1083114","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,21]],"date-time":"2023-02-21T04:56:22Z","timestamp":1676955382000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Low frequency of Plasmodium falciparum hrp2\/3 deletions from symptomatic infections at a primary healthcare facility in Kilifi, 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