{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T15:53:00Z","timestamp":1753890780227,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,18]],"date-time":"2024-07-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1721260800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Epidemiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Acute febrile illnesses such as typhoid fever, typhus, and malaria are still major causes of hospital admission in many parts of Ethiopia. However, there are substantial gaps in the monitoring systems, which result in a lack of knowledge about the geographic distribution and role of common pathogens, particularly in rural areas. Thus, this study was aimed at assessing the seroprevalence of typhoid fever, typhus, and malaria among suspected acute febrile patients at the MTU Teaching Hospital and Mizan-Aman Health Center, Southwest region of Ethiopia.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Method<\/jats:title><jats:p>A health facility-based cross-sectional study was carried out from July to October 2022. Blood samples were collected from a total of 384 individuals. Widal and Weilfelix direct card agglutination and tube agglutination test methods were used for the <jats:italic>Salmonella enterica<\/jats:italic> serotype <jats:italic>Typhi<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>S. typhi<\/jats:italic>) and <jats:italic>Rickettsia<\/jats:italic> infections. The diagnosis of malaria was made using thick and thin blood smears. Questionnaires given by interviewers were used to gather information on risk factors and other sociodemographic factors. The data was analyzed using STATA\/SE 14.0.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Result<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 371 patients were tested for <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>. Typhi and <jats:italic>Rickettsia<\/jats:italic> infections using direct card agglutination and tube agglutination methods. Using the screening test, 20.5% (76\/371) patients were reactive either for O or H antigens or both, of which 55.3% (42\/76) were reactive by the titration test at the cutoff value\u2009\u2265\u20091:80. About 17.5% (65\/371) were reactive to OX19 antigen by card agglutination test, and of which 58.5% (38\/65) were reactive by the titration test at the cutoff value\u2009\u2265\u20091:80. The overall seroprevalence of <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>. Typhi and <jats:italic>Rickettsia<\/jats:italic> infections using combined direct card and tube agglutination techniques was 11.3% (42\/371) and 10.2% (38\/371), respectively. Out of 384 suspected malaria patients, 43 (11.2%) were found positive either for <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>falciparum,<\/jats:italic> 27 (7.03%), or <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>vivax,<\/jats:italic> 16 (4.2%).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>In this study, typhoid fever, typhus, and malaria were found among symptomatic acute febrile patients. To increase disease awareness, it is necessary to provide sustainable health education about risk factor behaviors, disease transmission, and prevention strategies. In addition, improving laboratory diagnosis services and early treatment may also lower the likelihood of potentially fatal consequences.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fepid.2024.1391890","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,18]],"date-time":"2024-07-18T04:33:24Z","timestamp":1721277204000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Health facility-based prevalence of typhoid fever, typhus and malaria among individuals suspected of acute febrile illnesses in Southwest Region, Ethiopia"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Mengistu","family":"Abayneh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mitiku","family":"Aberad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yosef","family":"Habtemariam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yared","family":"Alemu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2018.02.011","article-title":"The epidemiology of febrile illness in Sub-Saharan Africa: implications for diagnosis and management","volume":"24","author":"Maze","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-023-01105-z","article-title":"Prevalence of fever of unidentified aetiology in East African adolescents and adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"12","author":"Nooh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Infect Dis Poverty"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-022-07424-0","article-title":"Clinical management and outcomes of acute febrile illness in children attending a tertiary hospital in southern Ethiopia","volume":"22","author":"Shimelis","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-016-2074-1","article-title":"Geographical distribution of typhoid risk factors in low- and middle-income countries","volume":"16","author":"Lee","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0277565","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0277565","article-title":"Exploring the spatial variation and associated factors of childhood febrile illness among under-five children in Ethiopia: geographically weighted regression analysis","volume":"17","author":"Gelaw","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0127962","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0127962","article-title":"Etiology of severe febrile illness in low-and middle-income countries: a systematic review","volume":"10","author":"Prasad","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"article-title":"World Health Organization","volume-title":"Biomarkers for Acute Febrile Illness at the Point of Care in Low-Resource Settings","year":"2021","key":"B7"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.12688\/wellcomeopenres.16393.2","article-title":"Defining the burden of febrile illness in rural South and Southeast Asia: an open letter to announce the launch of the rural febrile illness project","volume":"6","author":"Chandna","year":"2022","journal-title":"Wellcome Open Res"},{"volume-title":"Health Facility Guide for Assessing Treatment of Febrile Illness. Published by the USAID Assist Project","year":"2016","author":"Dolan-Branton","key":"B9"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-015-1804-4","article-title":"Current state and trends of access to sanitation in Ethiopia and the need to revise indicators to monitor progress in the post-2015 era","volume":"15","author":"Beyene","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-020-05635-x","article-title":"Aetiology of acute febrile illness among children attending a tertiary hospital in Southern Ethiopia","volume":"20","author":"Shimelis","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1255187","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/1255187","article-title":"Descriptive analysis of typhoid fever surveillance data in the Jimma Zone, Southwest Ethiopia (2015\u20132019)","volume":"2021","author":"Yemata","year":"2021","journal-title":"Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"531074","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/531074","article-title":"Malaria, typhoid fever, and their confection among febrile patients at a rural health center in Northwest Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study","volume":"2014","author":"Birhanei","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv Med"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-10-180","article-title":"Evaluation of the widal tube agglutination test for the diagnosis of typhoid fever among children admitted to a rural hospital in Tanzania and a comparison with previous studies","volume":"10","author":"Ley","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0006749","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006749","article-title":"Community-based prevalence of typhoid fever, typhus, brucellosis and malaria among symptomatic individuals in Afar Region, Ethiopia","volume":"12","author":"Zerfu","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2015.04.014","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment of typhoid fever and associated prevailing drug resistance in Northern Ethiopia","volume":"35","author":"Wasihun","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100898","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cegh.2021.100898","article-title":"Clinical profile and role of serology in pediatric acute febrile illness: experience from a tertiary care hospital in South India","volume":"12","author":"Kavirayani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Epidemiol Glob Health"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-27909-5","article-title":"Rapid stool antigenic test for typhoid fever among suspected cases, Northeast, Ethiopia","volume":"13","author":"Geteneh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.7883\/yoken.JJID.2013.062","article-title":"Prevalence of malaria among acute febrile patients clinically suspected of having malaria in the Zeway Health Center, Ethiopia","volume":"68","author":"Feleke","year":"2015","journal-title":"Jpn J Infect Dis"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.15406\/jbmoa.2023.11.00347","article-title":"Typhoid fever: prevalence and risk factors among symptomatic Sudanese patients","volume":"11","author":"Mohamed","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Bacteriol Mycol Open Access"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e034727","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2019-034727","article-title":"Burden of scrub typhus among patients with acute febrile illness attending tertiary care hospital in Chitwan, Nepal","volume":"10","author":"Thapa","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed6020078","article-title":"Seroprevalence and clinical features of scrub typhus among febrile patients attending a referral hospital in Kathmandu, Nepal","volume":"6","author":"Pokhrel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trop Med Infect Dis"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.3947\/ic.2020.0147","article-title":"Rickettsial infections among the undifferentiated febrile patients attending a tertiary care teaching hospital of Northern India: a longitudinal study","volume":"53","author":"Mansoor","year":"2021","journal-title":"Infect Chemother"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2132","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2810.220497","article-title":"Rickettsial infections causing acute febrile illness in Urban Slums, Brazil","volume":"28","author":"Fournier","year":"2022","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0273902","article-title":"Acute febrile illness among outpatients seeking health care in Bangladeshi hospitals prior to the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"17","author":"Das","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1409","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2607.191722","article-title":"Rickettsioses as Major etiologies of unrecognized acute febrile illness, Sabah, east Malaysia","volume":"26","author":"Grigg","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofw172.478","article-title":"The prevalence and risk factors for scrub typhus in South India","volume":"3","author":"Trowbridge","year":"2016","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-019-3917-3","article-title":"A cross-sectional study of enteric fever among febrile patients at ambo hospital: prevalence, risk factors, comparison of widal test and stool culture and antimicrobials susceptibility pattern of isolates","volume":"19","author":"Deksissa","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1020","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.19-0479","article-title":"Associations among water, sanitation, and hygiene, and food exposures and typhoid fever in case\u2013control studies: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"103","author":"Brockett","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-018-3713-y","article-title":"Typhoid fever: clinical presentation and associated factors in febrile patients visiting shashemene referral hospital, Southern Ethiopia","volume":"11","author":"Habte","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Res Notes"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8887266","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/8887266","article-title":"Sero-confirmed typhoid fever and knowledge, attitude, and practices among febrile patients attending at Injibara General Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia\u201d","volume":"2021","author":"Mulu","year":"2021","journal-title":"BioMed Res Int"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-021-00893-6","article-title":"Ecological and behavioral risk factors of scrub typhus in central Vietnam: a case-control study","volume":"10","author":"Tran","year":"2021","journal-title":"Infect Dis Poverty"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.2147\/RRTM.S105602","article-title":"Scrub typhus: risks, diagnostic issues, and management challenges","volume":"8","author":"Jude Prakash","year":"2017","journal-title":"Res Rep Trop Med"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20503121221111709","DOI":"10.1177\/20503121221111709","article-title":"Malaria sero-survey among acute febrile patients come for health care seeking at the high malaria-endemic setting of North West Ethiopia","volume":"10","author":"Kebede","year":"2022","journal-title":"SAGE Open Med"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-022-04310-7","article-title":"Prevalence of malaria and its risk factors in Lake Tana and surrounding areas, northwest Ethiopia","volume":"21","author":"Adugna","year":"2022","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2015.12.009","article-title":"Prevalence and associated factors of malaria among febrile children in Ethiopia: a cross-sectional health facility-based study","volume":"155","author":"Haji","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0276899","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0276899","article-title":"Prevalence and associated risk factors of malaria among febrile under-five children visiting health facilities in Ziquala District, Northeast Ethiopia: a multicenter cross-sectional study","volume":"17","author":"Debash","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3503317","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/3503317","article-title":"Prevalence of malaria and associated risk factors among the community of mizan-aman town and its catchment area in Southwest Ethiopia","volume":"2022","author":"Duguma","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Parasitol Res"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e05975","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2021.e05975","article-title":"A cross-sectional study of the prevalence, density, and risk factors associated with malaria transmission in urban communities of Ibadan, Southwestern Nigeria","volume":"7","author":"Awosolu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmu.2015.12.004","article-title":"Febrile reactions in the 21st century","volume":"18","author":"Cazares-Tamez","year":"2016","journal-title":"Medicina Universitaria"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Epidemiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fepid.2024.1391890\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,18]],"date-time":"2024-07-18T04:33:26Z","timestamp":1721277206000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fepid.2024.1391890\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,18]]},"references-count":40,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fepid.2024.1391890"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fepid.2024.1391890","relation":{},"ISSN":["2674-1199"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2674-1199"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,18]]},"article-number":"1391890"}}