{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T15:03:26Z","timestamp":1790089406297,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,7]],"date-time":"2021-06-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1623024000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. For. Glob. Change"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Mangroves sequester significant quantities of organic carbon (C) because of high rates of burial in the soil and storage in biomass. We estimated mangrove forest C storage and accumulation rates in aboveground and belowground components among five sites along an urbanization gradient in the San Juan Bay Estuary, Puerto Rico. Sites included the highly urbanized and clogged Ca\u00f1o Martin Pe\u00f1a in the western half of the estuary, a series of lagoons in the center of the estuary, and a tropical forest reserve (Pi\u00f1ones) in the easternmost part. Radiometrically dated cores were used to determine sediment accretion and soil C storage and burial rates. Measurements of tree dendrometers coupled with allometric equations were used to estimate aboveground biomass. Estuary-wide mangrove forest C storage and accumulation rates were estimated using interpolation methods and coastal vegetation cover data. In recent decades (1970\u20132016), the highly urbanized Martin Pe\u00f1a East (MPE) site with low flushing had the highest C storage and burial rates among sites. The MPE soil carbon burial rate was over twice as great as global estimates. Mangrove forest C burial rates in recent decades were significantly greater than historic decades (1930\u20131970) at Ca\u00f1o Martin Pe\u00f1a and Pi\u00f1ones. Although MPE and Pi\u00f1ones had similarly low flushing, the landscape settings (clogged canal vs forest reserve) and urbanization (high vs low) were different. Apparently, not only urbanization, but site-specific flushing patterns, landscape setting, and soil fertility affected soil C storage and burial rates. There was no difference in C burial rates between historic and recent decades at the San Jos\u00e9 and La Torrecilla lagoons. Mangrove forests had soil C burial rates ranging from 88 g m<jats:sup>\u20132<\/jats:sup> y<jats:sup>\u20131<\/jats:sup> at the San Jos\u00e9 lagoon to 469 g m<jats:sup>\u20132<\/jats:sup> y<jats:sup>\u20131<\/jats:sup> at the MPE in recent decades. Watershed anthropogenic CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> emissions (1.56 million Mg C y<jats:sup>\u20131<\/jats:sup>) far exceeded the annual mangrove forest C storage rates (aboveground biomass plus soils: 17,713 Mg C y<jats:sup>\u20131<\/jats:sup>). A combination of maintaining healthy mangrove forests and reducing anthropogenic emissions might be necessary to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions in urban, tropical areas.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/ffgc.2021.676691","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,7]],"date-time":"2021-06-07T06:55:52Z","timestamp":1623048952000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Recent Carbon Storage and Burial Exceed Historic Rates in the San Juan Bay Estuary Peri-Urban Mangrove Forests (Puerto Rico, United States)"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Cathleen","family":"Wigand","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meagan","family":"Eagle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin L.","family":"Branoff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen","family":"Balogh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenneth M.","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rose M.","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alana","family":"Hanson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Autumn J.","family":"Oczkowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Evelyn","family":"Huertas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph","family":"Loffredo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth B.","family":"Watson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.4155\/cmt.12.20","article-title":"Carbon sequestration in mangrove forests.","volume":"3","author":"Alongi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Carbon Manag."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-marine-010213-135020","article-title":"Carbon cycling and storage in mangrove forests.","volume":"6","author":"Alongi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann. 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