{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,12]],"date-time":"2026-07-12T11:01:27Z","timestamp":1783854087078,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,12]],"date-time":"2026-01-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768176000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Fungal Biol."],"abstract":"\n Introduction<\/jats:title>\n \n Candidiasis, an opportunistic fungal infection, is increasingly caused by non-\n albicans Candida<\/jats:italic>\n species that show reduced fluconazole susceptibility, mainly due to\n ERG11<\/jats:italic>\n overexpression. This study aimed to identify\n Candida<\/jats:italic>\n species, determine fluconazole resistance using VITEK 2 and disc diffusion methods, and detect\n ERG11<\/jats:italic>\n gene mutations in\n Candida tropicalis.<\/jats:italic>\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methodology<\/jats:title>\n \n A total of 410 clinical samples were included in this laboratory-based prospective study conducted at a tertiary care hospital in Mysuru. Fluconazole-resistant\n Candida<\/jats:italic>\n species were identified using the Vitek-2 system and disc diffusion methods. The\n ERG11<\/jats:italic>\n gene of fluconazole-resistant strains of\n Candida tropicalis<\/jats:italic>\n was amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and subjected to high-resolution melt (HRM) analysis to detect A395T and C461T mutations.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n A total of 410\n Candida<\/jats:italic>\n species were isolated from 410 clinical isolates during the study period, with 61% (250\/410) from males and 39% (160\/410) from females. Among the 410 isolates tested by Vitek-2, 29 (7.07%) were resistant to fluconazole, with the majority being\n C. tropicalis<\/jats:italic>\n (51.7%). Of the 15 C\n . tropicalis<\/jats:italic>\n isolates tested, A395T and C461T mutations in the\n ERG11<\/jats:italic>\n gene were detected in 6 isolates. These isolates showed high minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) to azoles. Discrepancies between Vitek-2 and PCR findings likely reflect the multifactorial nature of fluconazole resistance and the presence of resistance mechanisms beyond the targeted\n ERG11<\/jats:italic>\n mutations.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n \n The study concludes that antifungal susceptibility testing (AST) using Vitek-2 is a preferred method in the laboratory for identifying\n Candida<\/jats:italic>\n species and performing susceptibility testing due to its ease of use and cost-effectiveness. Disc diffusion can be utilized in resource-limited settings to guide treatment, while PCR and newer molecular methods offer valuable opportunities for researching different mechanisms and mutations responsible for fluconazole resistance, a widely used antifungal for treatment and prevention.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/ffunb.2025.1695271","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,12]],"date-time":"2026-01-12T08:14:53Z","timestamp":1768205693000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Fluconazole resistance among Candida species with special emphasis on ERG11 gene mutations among Candida tropicalis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Vidyavathi B.","family":"Chitharagi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gowthami","family":"S.","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahadevaiah Neelambike","family":"Sumana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Morubagal Raghavendra","family":"Rao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sowmya G.","family":"S.","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yogeesh D.","family":"Maheshwarappa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2933","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.31.11.2933-2937.1993","article-title":"Candida albicans genotyping in studies with patients with AIDS developing resistance to fluconazole","volume":"31","author":"Bart-Delabesse","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. 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