{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:14:36Z","timestamp":1787026476722,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,10]],"date-time":"2025-12-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765324800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023.12824.PEX"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023.12824.PEX"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Fungal Biol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>Candida parapsilosis<\/jats:italic>\n                      is a clinically important etiological agent of systemic infections associated with hospital outbreaks, which prevalence has been increasing in the last decade. Moreover, in recent years, fluconazole resistance in this species has been emerging in different countries, being a subject of significant interest and concern. In this context, the present study aims to determine the frequency of fluconazole resistance in\n                      <jats:italic>C. parapsilosis<\/jats:italic>\n                      sensu stricto isolates collected in Portugal (2003\u20132007 and 2017-2024), understand its associated molecular mechanisms, and relate it all with worldwide genomic data.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      To this end, we performed phenotypic assays of 145 isolates of\n                      <jats:italic>C. parapsilosis<\/jats:italic>\n                      collected from different biological and environmental products in Portugal (majority from the Lisbon Metropolitan area), and explored the genomic features of the fluconazole-resistant ones.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We found eight\n                      <jats:italic>C. parapsilosis<\/jats:italic>\n                      fluconazole-resistant isolates between 2017 and 2024, corresponding to a frequency of 8.5% in this period, and contrasting with the absence of fluconazole-resistant isolates collected before 2007. Sequencing of the\n                      <jats:italic>ERG11<\/jats:italic>\n                      gene showed that all fluconazole-resistant isolates had the Y132F and R398I mutations.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A phylogenomic analysis including publicly available isolates from other countries revealed that our Portuguese isolates are more closely related to those from the USA and Germany than to the isolates sequenced thus far from the neighbor country, Spain. Furthermore, although three distinct\n                      <jats:italic>C. parapsilosis<\/jats:italic>\n                      genetic clades were found in our dataset, all the fluconazole-resistant isolates detected in this study cluster together, raising the question of whether the increased fluconazole-resistance in the country could possibly be associated with the emergence or introduction of this particular lineage. Altogether, these results provide valuable insights on fluconazole resistance in a set of Portuguese\n                      <jats:italic>C. parapsilosis<\/jats:italic>\n                      isolates and their associated mechanisms, representing an important step towards a better understanding of the increasing\n                      <jats:italic>C. parapsilosis<\/jats:italic>\n                      fluconazole resistance in Southern Europe.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/ffunb.2025.1713961","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,10]],"date-time":"2025-12-10T06:48:09Z","timestamp":1765349289000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Phenotypic and genomic characterization of azole resistance in Portuguese Candida parapsilosis isolates"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Alexandru-Marian","family":"Papuc","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"Ver\u00edssimo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helena","family":"Sim\u00f5es","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"Toscano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o Paulo","family":"Gomes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ver\u00f3nica","family":"Mix\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raquel","family":"Sabino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2022.02.025","article-title":"Fluconazole-resistant Candida parapsilosis clonally related genotypes: first report proving the presence of endemic isolates harbouring the Y132F ERG11 gene substitution in Spain","volume":"28","author":"Alcoceba","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. 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