{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T11:19:42Z","timestamp":1782818382230,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776124800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005920","name":"Organization for Women in Science for the Developing World","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005920","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Fungal Biol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Ghanaian chili pepper exports are subject to stringent regulations on pesticide residues in significant foreign markets. Therefore, safer pest management options are needed to supplement current non-chemical control techniques, especially for controlling\n                    <jats:italic>Thaumatotibia leucotreta<\/jats:italic>\n                    Meyrick (False codling moth, FCM), an important phytosanitary pest. A national survey was initiated in 2023 to identify native entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) from Ghanaian farms. Seven\n                    <jats:italic>Metarhizium<\/jats:italic>\n                    isolates were recovered from soils and induced substantial mortalities of soil-residing final-instar stages of FCM\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    . To advance the development of a mycoinsecticide targeting FCM and other key insect pests of chili pepper, the present study evaluated the\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    temperature tolerance of the seven isolates and persistence of two (UGSUHC1 and UGJKCS9) under field conditions. Temperature tolerance assays based on\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    radial growth (at 6\u201340\u00a0\u00b0C) indicated that all isolates could grow between 15 and 35\u00a0\u00b0C, with optimum development occurring between 25 and 27\u00a0\u00b0C. No growth occurred at 6, 8, 38, and 40\u00a0\u00b0C. Two-month semi-field persistence trials using sterile soil inoculated with each respective isolate and buried in chili pepper farms at Adidome, Peki, and the University of Ghana, demonstrated that both isolates remained viable in the soil throughout the trial period and retained their infectivity against FCM. These results highlight the potential of these Ghanaian isolates against subterranean life stages of FCM. The need for further evaluations, particularly field trials, is therefore imperative for the development of an effective and sustainable control option for FCM in chili peppers in Ghana.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/ffunb.2026.1780941","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T05:40:10Z","timestamp":1776145210000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Temperature tolerance and persistence of promising native Metarhizium isolates for use in chili pepper farms in Ghana"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Patricia Akua Sitsofe","family":"Nyahe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Crop Science, University of Ghana","place":["Accra, Ghana"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vincent Yao","family":"Eziah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Crop Science, University of Ghana","place":["Accra, Ghana"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Candice Anne","family":"Coombes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Biological Control (CBC), Department of Zoology and Entomology, Rhodes University","place":["Makhanda, South Africa"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samuel","family":"Kumahor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Soil Science, University of Ghana","place":["Accra, Ghana"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isaac","family":"Nortey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Crop Science, University of Ghana","place":["Accra, Ghana"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monica","family":"Akumyoungta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Crop Science, University of Ghana","place":["Accra, Ghana"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Drauzio E. N.","family":"Rangel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Inbioter Institute of Biotechnology Rangel","place":["Itatiba, Brazil"]},{"name":"Instituto de Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia, Universidade Federal de S\u00e3o Paulo,S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 dos","place":["Campos, Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alene","family":"Alder-Rangel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alder\u2019s English Services","place":["S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 dos Campos, Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael Yao","family":"Osae","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biotechnology and Nuclear Agriculture Research Institute (BNARI), Ghana Atomic Energy Commission","place":["Accra, Ghana"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dalia","family":"Sukmawati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Negeri Jakarta","place":["Rawamangun, Indonesia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mavis Agyeiwaa","family":"Acheampong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Crop Science, University of Ghana","place":["Accra, Ghana"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1016\/j.funbio.2019.08.009","article-title":"UV sensitivity of Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae isolates under investigation as potential biological control agents in South African citrus orchards","volume":"124","author":"Acheampong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Fungal Biol."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jip.2020.107436","article-title":"Temperature tolerance and humidity requirements of select entomopathogenic fungal isolates for future use in citrus IPM programmes","volume":"174","author":"Acheampong","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Invertebr. Pathol."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2567","DOI":"10.1093\/jee\/toae213","article-title":"Susceptibility of Capsicum varieties to Thaumatotibia leucotreta (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) infestation for production optimization","volume":"117","author":"Adom","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Econ. Entomol."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cropro.2023.106497","article-title":"Efficacy of selected biopesticides on key pests of chilli pepper for increased productivity in Ghana","volume":"176","author":"Adom","year":"2023","journal-title":"Crop Prot."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17159\/2254-8854\/2026\/a24601","article-title":"Evaluation of the biocontrol potential of native Metarhizium (Hypocreales: Clavicipitaceae) species against the false codling moth (Thaumatotibia leucotreta Meyrick) on chilli","volume":"34","author":"Ameyaw","year":"2026","journal-title":"Afri. Entomol."},{"key":"B6","volume-title":"Evaluation of native entomopathogenic fungi as biocontrol agent for oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) on mango in Ghana","author":"Amissah","year":"2025"},{"key":"B7","first-page":"344","article-title":"Pest management in Sub-Saharan Africa: mitigating the challenges of insecticides use","volume-title":"Insecticides in pest control \u2013 impact, challenges and strategies","author":"Asamani","year":"2024"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3059.1998.00239.x","article-title":"Effects of bean line pattern mosaic virus on the monocyclic components of rust and angular leaf spot of Phaseolus bean at different temperatures","volume":"47","author":"Bassanezi","year":"1998","journal-title":"Plant Pathol."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470316757","volume-title":"Nonlinear regression and its applications","author":"Bates","year":"1988"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1007\/s00203-002-0490-7","article-title":"Genetic groups of the insect-pathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana are associated with habitat and thermal growth preferences","volume":"178","author":"Bidochka","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arch. Microbiol."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1744-7917.2011.01464.x","article-title":"False codling moth Thaumatotibia leucotreta (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) larvae are chill-susceptible","volume":"19","author":"Boardman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Insect Sci."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1007\/s10493-008-9179-1","article-title":"Effect of temperature on virulence of Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae isolates to Tetranychus evansi","volume":"46","author":"Bugeme","year":"2008","journal-title":"Exp. Appl. Acarol."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-03059-2_7","article-title":"Use of entomogenous fungi for the control of insect pests","volume-title":"The Mycota: agricultural applications","author":"Butt","year":"2002"},{"key":"B14","article-title":"Fungi as biological control agents: Progress, problems and potential","author":"Butt","year":"2001"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2023.12.14.571642","article-title":"Inoculation dose, formulation and air temperature shape Metarhizium anisopliae virulence against the oriental fruit fly: Lessons for improving on-target control strategies","author":"Chailleux","year":"2023","journal-title":"BioRxiv"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1080\/21501203.2016.1247116","article-title":"Characterisation and evaluation of Metarhizium anisopliae (Metsch.) Sorokin strains for their temperature tolerance","volume":"7","author":"Chandra Teja","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mycology"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-14-4","article-title":"Efficacy of Metarhizium anisopliae isolate MAX-2 from Shangri-La, China under desiccation stress","volume":"14","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1007\/s10526-016-9756-x","article-title":"Entomopathogenic fungi as control agents of Thaumatotibia leucotreta in citrus orchards: field efficacy and persistence","volume":"61","author":"Coombes","year":"2016","journal-title":"BioControl"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.1080\/09583157.2013.819489","article-title":"Persistence and virulence of promising entomopathogenic fungal isolates for use in citrus orchards in South Africa","volume":"23","author":"Coombes","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biocontrol Sci. Technol."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1016\/j.funbio.2018.01.003","article-title":"The Xenon test chamber Q-SUN\u00ae for testing realistic tolerances of fungi exposed to simulated full spectrum solar radiation","volume":"122","author":"Dias","year":"2018","journal-title":"Fungal Biol."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1023\/B:BICO.0000009397.84153.79","article-title":"Effect of constant temperatures on germination, radial growth and virulence of Metarhizium anisopliae to three species of African tephritid fruit flies","volume":"49","author":"Dimbi","year":"2004","journal-title":"BioControl"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1080\/09583159929767","article-title":"Effect of temperature on germination, radial growth and virulence of Metarhizium anisopliae and Beauveria bassiana on Megalurothrips sjostedti","volume":"9","author":"Ekesi","year":"1999","journal-title":"Biocontrol Sci. Technol."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1080\/09583157.2010.545871","article-title":"Efficacy of soil application of Metarhizium anisopliae and the use of GF-120 spinosad bait spray for suppression of Bactrocera invadens (Diptera: Tephritidae) in mango orchards","volume":"21","author":"Ekesi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biocontrol Sci. Technol."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocontrol.2005.06.010","article-title":"Effect of different formulations of Metarhizium anisopliae on African tephritid fruit flies and their associated endoparasitoids","volume":"35","author":"Ekesi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biocontrol"},{"key":"B25","unstructured":"Annual report\n          \n          \n          \n          2014"},{"key":"B26","volume-title":"Roadmap for pest reduction in Ghana\u2019s export vegetable sector GhanaVeg Sector Reports 2017","author":"Fening","year":"2017"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-41083-4_18","article-title":"Management of pests of quarantine importance in Ghana\u2019s export vegetables (chili, eggplant, and ridged gourds)","volume-title":"Sustainable management of invasive pests in Africa","author":"Fening","year":"2020"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1007\/s00294-015-0492-z","article-title":"Tolerance of entomopathogenic fungi to ultraviolet radiation: a review on screening of strains and their formulation","volume":"61","author":"Fernandes","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Genet."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jip.2016.09.007","article-title":"Responses to abiotic environmental stresses among phylloplane and soil isolates of Beauveria bassiana from two holm oak ecosystems","volume":"141","author":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Bravo","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Invertebr. Pathol."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9071380","article-title":"Land-use type drives soil population structures of the entomopathogenic fungal genus Metarhizium","volume":"9","author":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Bravo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1051\/apido:2008049","article-title":"Pathogenicity and thermal biology of mitosporic fungi as potential microbial control agents of Varroa destructor (Acari: Mesostigmata), an ectoparasitic mite of honey bee, Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera: Apidae)","volume":"39","author":"Garc\u00eda-Fern\u00e1ndez","year":"2008","journal-title":"Apidologie"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocontrol.2011.05.017","article-title":"Soil properties affect the availability, movement and virulence of entomopathogenic fungi conidia against puparia of Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae)","volume":"58","author":"Garrido-Jurado","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biocontrol"},{"key":"B33","volume-title":"Statistics on performance of exportable fruits and vegetables annual report 2010\u20132021","year":"2021"},{"key":"B34","unstructured":"eviving Ghana\u2019s fresh chili pepper export industry: Commercial chili production trial net houses by GIRSAL and partners\n          \n          \n          \n          2023"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1007\/s10526-009-9259-0","article-title":"The effects of farming system, habitat type and bait type on the isolation of entomopathogenic fungi from citrus soils in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa","volume":"55","author":"Goble","year":"2010","journal-title":"BioControl"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-012432555-5\/50013-0","article-title":"Fungi: hyphomycetes","volume-title":"Manual of techniques in insect pathology","author":"Goettel","year":"1997"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1079\/9780851993560.0023","article-title":"Use of hyphomycetous fungi for managing insect pests","volume-title":"Fungi as biocontrol agents: progress, problems and potential","author":"Inglis","year":"2001"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1017\/S0953756200002641","article-title":"Effect of formulation, application and rain on the persistence of the entomogenous fungus Metarhizium anisopliae on oilseed rape","volume":"104","author":"Inyang","year":"2000","journal-title":"Mycol. Res."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1007\/s10526-009-9248-3","article-title":"Ecological factors in the inundative use of fungal entomopathogens","volume":"55","author":"Jaronski","year":"2010","journal-title":"BioControl"},{"key":"B40","first-page":"357","article-title":"Mass production of entomopathogenic fungi: state of the art","volume-title":"Mass production of beneficial organisms","author":"Jaronski","year":"2013"},{"key":"B41","first-page":"119","article-title":"Challenges in using Metarhizium anisopliae for biocontrol of sugarbeet root maggot, Tetanops myopaeformis","volume":"30","author":"Jaronski","year":"2007","journal-title":"IOBC\/WPRS Bull."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1023646207455","article-title":"Distribution of insect pathogenic soil fungi in Switzerland with special reference to Beauveria brongniartii and Metarhizium anisopliae","volume":"48","author":"Keller","year":"2003","journal-title":"BioControl"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1023\/B:BICO.0000036441.40227.ed","article-title":"Survival of Beauveria brongniartii in the soil after application as a biocontrol agent against the European cockchafer Melolontha melolontha","volume":"49","author":"Kessler","year":"2004","journal-title":"BioControl"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jip.2015.07.009","article-title":"Insect pathogens as biological control agents: back to the future","volume":"132","author":"Lacey","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Invertebr. Pathol."},{"key":"B45","unstructured":"emmeans: Estimated marginal means, aka least-squares means. R package version 1.10.5-0900003\n          \n          \n            \n              Lenth\n              R. V.\n            \n          \n          \n          2024"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-2011(81)90122-1","article-title":"Biotic and abiotic factors affecting the stability of Beauveria bassiana conidia in soil","volume":"38","author":"Lingg","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Invertebr. Pathol."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1186\/s43170-024-00252-z","article-title":"Effects of pesticide residues on the growth and yield of vegetables at Navrongo of Ghana","volume":"5","author":"Mbatchou","year":"2024","journal-title":"CABI Agr. Biosci."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1080\/0958315031000140965","article-title":"Persistence of conidia of Metarhizium anisopliae in sugarcane fields: Effect of isolate and formulation on persistence over 3.5 years","volume":"13","author":"Milner","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biocontrol Sci. Technol."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.4001\/003.022.0125","article-title":"An improved larval diet for commercial mass rearing of the false codling moth, Thaumatotibia leucotreta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)","volume":"22","author":"Moore","year":"2014","journal-title":"Afr. Entomol."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/ffunb.2025.1660692","article-title":"Extreme UV sensitivity of native Metarhizium spp. as potential biocontrol agents for false codling moth (Thaumatotibia leucotreta Meyrick) on chili pepper in Ghana","volume":"6","author":"Nyahe","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Fungal Biol."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1080\/09583157.2021.1993133","article-title":"Suitable models to describe the effect of temperature on conidial germination and mycelial growth of Metarhizium anisopliae and Beauveria bassiana","volume":"32","author":"Omuse","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biocontrol Sci. Technol."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1006882621776","article-title":"Effect of temperature on vegetative growth among isolates of Metarhizium anisopliae and M. flavoviride","volume":"137","author":"Ouedraogo","year":"1997","journal-title":"Mycopathologia"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1080\/09583157.2015.1016895","article-title":"Persistence of Beauveria bassiana sensu lato and Metarhizium anisopliae sensu lato in Vermont (USA) forest soil","volume":"25","author":"Parker","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biocontrol Sci. Technol."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.962619","article-title":"Current status of pesticide effects on environment, human health, and eco-friendly management through bioremediation: A comprehensive review","volume":"13","author":"Pathak","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0323936","article-title":"Effects of pesticide application on soil bacteria community structure in a cabbage-based agroecosystem in Ghana","volume":"20","author":"Peprah","year":"2025","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0418.2010.01566.x","article-title":"Establishment and persistence of the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae in maize fields","volume":"135","author":"Pilz","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Appl. Entomol."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10340-023-01622-8","article-title":"Key role of environmental competence in successful use of entomopathogenic fungi in microbial pest control","volume":"97","author":"Quesada-Moraga","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Pest Sci."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocontrol.2005.09.022","article-title":"Selection of Beauveria bassiana solates for control of the whiteflies Bemisia tabaci and Trialeurodes vaporariorum on the basis of their virulence, thermal requirements, and toxicogenic activity","volume":"36","author":"Quesada-Moraga","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biocontrol"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mycres.2007.06.006","article-title":"Factors affecting the occurrence and distribution of entomopathogenic fungi in natural and cultivated soils","volume":"111","author":"Quesada-Moraga","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mycol. Res."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1524","DOI":"10.1016\/j.funbio.2023.07.001","article-title":"Conidial mass production of entomopathogenic fungi and tolerance of their mass-produced conidia to UV-B radiation and heat","volume":"127","author":"Rangel","year":"2023","journal-title":"Fungal Biol."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jip.2004.11.007","article-title":"Variability in conidial thermotolerance of Metarhizium anisopliae isolates from different geographic origins","volume":"88","author":"Rangel","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Invertebr. Pathol."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jip.2018.07.011","article-title":"Possible source of the high UV-B and heat tolerance of Metarhizium acridum (isolate ARSEF 324)","volume":"157","author":"Rangel","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Invertebr. Pathol."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1080\/09583159550039639","article-title":"Long-term field efficacy of the entomogenous fungus Metarhizium anisopliae against the subterranean scarab, Adoryphorus couloni","volume":"5","author":"Rath","year":"1995","journal-title":"Biocontrol Sci. Technol."},{"key":"B64","unstructured":"R: A language and environment for statistical computing R foundation for statistical computing\n          \n          \n          Vienna, Austria\n          \n          2024"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1080\/09583150802526979","article-title":"Persistence of the nematophagous fungus Paecilomyces lilacinus strain 251 in soil under controlled conditions","volume":"18","author":"Rumbos","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biocontrol Sci. Technol."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1907","DOI":"10.5897\/ajb07.778","article-title":"Mass production of entomopathogenic fungi using agricultural products and by-products","volume":"7","author":"Sahayaraj","year":"2008","journal-title":"Afr. J. Bio\/Technol."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1080\/09583150903545035","article-title":"Natural and released inoculum levels of entomopathogenic fungal biocontrol agents in soil in relation to risk assessment and in accordance with EU regulations","volume":"20","author":"Scheepmaker","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biocontrol Sci. Technol."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1303\/aez.2002.19","article-title":"Density of the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana Vuillemin (Deuteromycotina: Hyphomycetes) in the forest air and soil","volume":"37","author":"Shimazu","year":"2002","journal-title":"Appl. Entomol. Zool."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsob.200307","article-title":"Metarhizium: jack of all trades, master of many","volume":"10","author":"St. Leger","year":"2020","journal-title":"Open Biol."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9935","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-020-10968-3","article-title":"The multifunctional lifestyles of Metarhizium: evolution and applications","volume":"104","author":"Stone","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocontrol.2025.105703","article-title":"A strain of Talaromyces assiutensis provides multiple protection effects against insect pests and a fungal pathogen after endophytic settlement in soybean","volume":"201","author":"Sui","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biocontrol"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1007\/s44274-025-00268-w","article-title":"Environmental impact of pesticide runoff in irrigated agriculture: Evidence from Gomoa West field, Ghana","volume":"3","author":"Tachie-Menson","year":"2025","journal-title":"Discov. Environ."},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.4001\/003.026.0073","article-title":"Temperature-dependent growth and virulence, and mass production potential of two candidate isolates of Metarhizium anisopliae (Metschnikoff) Sorokin for managing Maruca vitrata Fabricius (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) on cowpea","volume":"26","author":"Tumuhaise","year":"2018","journal-title":"Afr. Entomol."},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1009998919531","article-title":"Persistence of augmented Metarhizium anisopliae and Beauveria bassiana in Finnish agricultural soils","volume":"45","author":"V\u00e4nninen","year":"2000","journal-title":"BioControl"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jof8010068","article-title":"Characterization and evaluation of Metarhizium spp. (Metsch.) Sorokin isolates for their temperature tolerance","volume":"8","author":"Velavan","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Fungi"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1079\/9780851998176.0000","article-title":"Entomopathogenic fungi in biological control of Diabrotica virgifera virgifera","volume-title":"Western corn rootworm: ecology and management","author":"Vidal","year":"2005"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1360","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-56732-x","article-title":"Pesticides have negative effects on non-target organisms","volume":"16","author":"Wan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1093\/ee\/nvy161","article-title":"Persistence of Metarhizium (Hypocreales: Clavicipitaceae) and Beauveria bassiana (Hypocreales: Clavicipitaceae) in tobacco soils and potential as biocontrol agents of Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)","volume":"48","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Entomol."},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.622","article-title":"Laboratory evaluation of temperature effects on the germination and growth of entomopathogenic fungi and on their pathogenicity to two aphid species","volume":"59","author":"Yeo","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pest Manage. Sci."},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1080\/09583150701593963","article-title":"Review on safety of the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae","volume":"17","author":"Zimmermann","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biocontrol Sci. Technol."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Fungal Biology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/ffunb.2026.1780941\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T05:40:14Z","timestamp":1776145214000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/ffunb.2026.1780941\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]]},"references-count":80,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/ffunb.2026.1780941"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/ffunb.2026.1780941","relation":{},"ISSN":["2673-6128"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2673-6128","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]]},"article-number":"1780941"}}