{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T05:49:26Z","timestamp":1782107366520,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782086400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Fungal Biol."],"abstract":"\n Aim<\/jats:title>\n \n Sporotrichosis is a fungal zoonotic infection caused by the pathogenic clade of the\n Sporothrix<\/jats:italic>\n species complex. Considered a neglected tropical disease, sporotrichosis now has a cosmopolitan distribution through species like\n Sporothrix globosa<\/jats:italic>\n . Moreover, multi-drug-resistant\n S. globosa<\/jats:italic>\n strains are refractory to conventional antifungal therapy. The present study explores the anti-sporotrichotic effects of the essential oil of\n Artemisia gmelinii<\/jats:italic>\n leaves (AgLEO) against a multi-drug-resistant strain of\n S. globosa<\/jats:italic>\n .\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n \n Gas chromatography\u2013tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS\/MS) was performed for chemical profiling of AgLEO. Broth microdilution assay determined the inhibitory concentration of AgLEO against\n S. globosa<\/jats:italic>\n . Oxidative stress in yeast was evaluated using the H2-DCFDA assay. Calcofluor white staining highlighted morphological changes in\n S. globosa<\/jats:italic>\n under a fluorescent microscope. Ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) determined total ergosterol levels in\n S. globosa<\/jats:italic>\n . Biofilm formation was assessed by lactophenol cotton blue staining followed by brightfield microscopy.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n GC-MS\/MS analysis revealed that AgLEO is rich in oxygenated monoterpenes, sesquiterpene hydrocarbons, monoterpene hydrocarbons, and oxygenated sesquiterpenes.\n S. globosa<\/jats:italic>\n yeast cells exhibited a dose-dependent susceptibility to AgLEO, with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC\n 50<\/jats:sub>\n and MIC\n 90<\/jats:sub>\n ) of 0.3% (v\/v) and 0.4% (v\/v), respectively. Mechanistic investigations demonstrated that AgLEO induces intracellular accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) within 4\u00a0h of treatment, indicating oxidative stress-mediated cellular damages in\n S. globosa<\/jats:italic>\n . Calcofluor white staining highlighted distorted and attenuated hyphal structures in\n S. globosa<\/jats:italic>\n with AgLEO. Subsequently, UHPLC analysis also revealed a significant reduction of total ergosterol content in\n S. globosa<\/jats:italic>\n with AgLEO. Together, these findings suggest that AgLEO-induced loss of structural integrity in\n S. globosa<\/jats:italic>\n impaired the biofilm formation in\n S. globosa<\/jats:italic>\n yeast cells.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n \n This study provides the first mechanistic evidence of AgLEO as an effective herbal agent against drug-resistant\n S. globosa<\/jats:italic>\n . AgLEO exhibit multi-faceted anti-sporotrichotic effects by ROS induction, structural destabilization, ergosterol depletion, and biofilm inhibition. The outcome of the current study provides a promising botanical approach for sporotrichosis management and paves the way for developing plant-driven anti-sporotrichotic therapy.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/ffunb.2026.1842749","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T05:39:26Z","timestamp":1782106766000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Essential oil from Artemisia gmelinii extenuates cellular integrity of Sporothrix globosa and its biofilms by steering intracellular ROS and basal ergosterol levels"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Acharya","family":"Balkrishna","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Drug Discovery and Development Division, Patanjali Research Foundation","place":["Haridwar, Uttarakhand, India"]},{"name":"Department of Allied and Applied Sciences, University of Patanjali, Patanjali Yog Peeth","place":["Haridwar, Uttarakhand, India"]},{"name":"Patanjali Yog Peeth (UK) Trust","place":["Glasgow, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manisha","family":"Kabdwal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Drug Discovery and Development Division, Patanjali Research Foundation","place":["Haridwar, Uttarakhand, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monali","family":"Joshi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Drug Discovery and Development Division, Patanjali Research Foundation","place":["Haridwar, Uttarakhand, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yash","family":"Varshney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Drug Discovery and Development Division, Patanjali Research Foundation","place":["Haridwar, Uttarakhand, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meenu","family":"Tomer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Drug Discovery and Development Division, Patanjali Research Foundation","place":["Haridwar, Uttarakhand, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pardeep","family":"Nain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Drug Discovery and Development Division, Patanjali Research Foundation","place":["Haridwar, Uttarakhand, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Savita","family":"Lochab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Drug Discovery and Development Division, Patanjali Research Foundation","place":["Haridwar, Uttarakhand, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anurag","family":"Varshney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Drug Discovery and Development Division, Patanjali Research Foundation","place":["Haridwar, Uttarakhand, India"]},{"name":"Department of Allied and Applied Sciences, University of Patanjali, Patanjali Yog Peeth","place":["Haridwar, Uttarakhand, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/BSR20231324","article-title":"Melanogrit potentiates melanogenesis by escalating cellular tyrosinase activity and mitf levels via perk inhibition","volume":"44","author":"Balkrishna","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biosci. 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