{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T06:01:18Z","timestamp":1781157678142,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781136000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Fungal Biol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The rising incidence of\n                      <jats:italic>Candida<\/jats:italic>\n                      -associated infections and persistent antifungal resistance, driven by biofilm formation, highlight the need for alternative therapies. Essential oils offer promise as multi-targeted natural antifungals. This study evaluates the antifungal activity of\n                      <jats:italic>Pelargonium graveolens<\/jats:italic>\n                      essential oil (PGEO), obtained by hydrodistillation of aerial parts from the Edough region (Annaba, Algeria), against various\n                      <jats:italic>Candida<\/jats:italic>\n                      species and its effects on human cells.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      PGEO (yield: 0.23 \u00b1 0.04% w\/w) was characterized by GC-MS. Its antifungal activity was tested against five clinical\n                      <jats:italic>Candida<\/jats:italic>\n                      isolates (\n                      <jats:italic>C. albicans<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>C. kefyr<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>C. krusei (syn. Pichia kudriavzevii)<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>C. lusitaniae<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>C. tropicalis<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) and reference strain\n                      <jats:italic>C. albicans<\/jats:italic>\n                      ATCC 10231. Effects on virulence enzymes (secreted aspartyl protease, phospholipase, esterase, hemolysin) were assessed via Pz\/Hz indices on solid media. Anti-biofilm activity was assessed using crystal violet staining and metabolic viability assays. Cytotoxicity was evaluated in HEK-293 human embryonic kidney cells.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      PGEO comprised mainly citronellol (28.68%), geraniol (5.35%), isomenthone (5.44%), and linalool (3.15%). It showed broad-spectrum antifungal activity (minimum inhibitory concentrations: 0.312\u20132.5 mg\/mL; minimum fungicidal concentration\/minimum inhibitory concentration ratios: 2), including against fluconazole-resistant\n                      <jats:italic>C. krusei<\/jats:italic>\n                      . At sub-inhibitory concentrations (minimum inhibitory concentration\/4 to minimum inhibitory concentration\/2); PGEO inhibited enzyme secretion by 21.30 to 65.00% depending on enzyme class and species ranging from 21.30% (esterase,\n                      <jats:italic>C. krusei<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) to 65.00% (hemolysin,\n                      <jats:italic>C. albicans<\/jats:italic>\n                      ATCC 10231), reducing\n                      <jats:italic>Candida<\/jats:italic>\n                      adhesion and invasion. PGEO inhibited biofilm formation (48.7\u201397.8%) and metabolic activity (43.2\u201382.1% reduction at minimum inhibitory concentration). Cytotoxicity in HEK-293 cells yielded a CC\n                      <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                      of 3.99 \u00b1 0.12 mg\/mL, with selectivity indices of 1.59\u201312.79 (SI = CC\n                      <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                      \/MIC).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The essential oil of\n                      <jats:italic>Pelargonium graveolens<\/jats:italic>\n                      exhibits potent fungicidal, antibiofilm, and multi-target antivirulence activities against clinically relevant\n                      <jats:italic>Candida<\/jats:italic>\n                      species, including fluconazole-resistant\n                      <jats:italic>C. krusei<\/jats:italic>\n                      , while maintaining acceptable cytotoxicity toward normal mammalian cells (CC\n                      <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                      = 3.99 \u00b1 0.12 mg\/mL; SI: 1.59\u201312.79). Its simultaneous inhibition of growth, key virulence enzymes, and biofilm formation at sub-inhibitory concentrations positions PGEO as a promising natural candidate for topical or adjunctive treatment of biofilm-associated candidiasis, pending\n                      <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      validation.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/ffunb.2026.1868001","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T05:47:38Z","timestamp":1781156858000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Pelargonium graveolens essential oil against clinical Candida and reference isolates: insights into virulence inhibition and therapeutic perspectives"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Chahrazed","family":"Benzaid","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Microbiology and Molecular Biology (LMMB), Department of Biochemistry, Sciences Faculty, Badji Mokhtar-Annaba University","place":["Annaba, Algeria"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manel Lina","family":"Djendi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Microbiology and Molecular Biology (LMMB), Department of Biochemistry, Sciences Faculty, Badji Mokhtar-Annaba University","place":["Annaba, Algeria"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarra","family":"Touaibia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Microbiology and Molecular Biology (LMMB), Department of Biochemistry, Sciences Faculty, Badji Mokhtar-Annaba University","place":["Annaba, Algeria"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lina Raghed","family":"Klaiaia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Microbiology and Molecular Biology (LMMB), Department of Biochemistry, Sciences Faculty, Badji Mokhtar-Annaba University","place":["Annaba, Algeria"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahlam","family":"Kihal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Microbiology and Molecular Biology (LMMB), Department of Biochemistry, Sciences Faculty, Badji Mokhtar-Annaba University","place":["Annaba, Algeria"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lazhari","family":"Tichati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Environmental Research Center","place":["Annaba, Algeria"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amel","family":"Soussa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Environmental Research Center","place":["Annaba, Algeria"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahmoud","family":"Rouabhia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Groupe de Recherche en \u00c9cologie Buccale, Faculty of Dentistry, Universit\u00e9 Laval","place":["Quebec, QC, Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","volume-title":"Identification of essential oil components by gas chromatography\/mass spectrometry","author":"Adams","year":"2007"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1080\/10412905.2007.9699223","article-title":"The leaf essential oils of the new conifer genus, Xanthocyparis: Xanthocyparis Vietnamensis and X. nootkatensis","volume":"19","author":"Adams","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. 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