{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T06:07:29Z","timestamp":1789106849635,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789084800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Fungal Biol."],"abstract":"\n Introduction<\/jats:title>\n \n Green synthesis of metal oxide nanoparticles using agricultural waste offers a sustainable approach to developing alternative antifungal agents. This study investigated the potential of lanthanum oxide (La\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n O\n 3<\/jats:sub>\n ) nanoparticles synthesized using\n Citrus sinensis<\/jats:italic>\n peel extract as an eco-friendly antifungal agent against important phytopathogens.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n \n La\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n O\n 3<\/jats:sub>\n nanoparticles were synthesized using\n C. sinensis<\/jats:italic>\n peel extract and characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), UV\u2013visible spectroscopy (UV\u2013Vis), field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). Their antifungal activity was evaluated against\n Alternaria solani<\/jats:italic>\n and\n Colletotrichum capsici<\/jats:italic>\n at different concentrations and compared with the commercial fungicide SAAF.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n The synthesized La\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n O\n 3<\/jats:sub>\n nanoparticles exhibited a crystalline cubic structure with characteristic physicochemical properties. FESEM analysis revealed irregular, flake-like to quasi-spherical particles, while EDX confirmed the presence of lanthanum, oxygen, and carbon. The nanoparticles demonstrated concentration-dependent antifungal activity against both pathogens.\n A. solani<\/jats:italic>\n was more susceptible, with complete growth inhibition at 5 mg\/mL, whereas inhibition of C. capsici reached 86.8% at 15 mg\/mL. Complete suppression of sporulation was observed in La\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n O\n 3<\/jats:sub>\n -treated cultures. Against\n A. solani<\/jats:italic>\n , La\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n O\n 3<\/jats:sub>\n nanoparticles at 15 mg\/mL, earlier than the commercial fungicide at 5 mg\/mL.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Discussion<\/jats:title>\n \n The findings demonstrate that C. sinensis peel-derived La2O3 nanoparticles possess substantial antifungal activity, particularly against\n A. solani<\/jats:italic>\n . The combined physicochemical characterization and antifungal results support their potential as an eco-friendly biocontrol agent while highlighting the need for further optimization and evaluation against comparatively more resistant pathogens such as\n C. capsici<\/jats:italic>\n .\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/ffunb.2026.1925291","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T05:29:52Z","timestamp":1789104592000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Biogenic synthesis and characterization of lanthanum oxide nanoparticles using citrus sinensis peel waste for antifungal applications in crop protection"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Shakthika","family":"Ramesh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT) School of Agricultural Innovations and Advanced Learning (VAIAL), Vellore Institute of Technology","place":["Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Appireddy","family":"Khyathi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT) School of Agricultural Innovations and Advanced Learning (VAIAL), Vellore Institute of Technology","place":["Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hema sree","family":"Mandapati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT) School of Agricultural Innovations and Advanced Learning (VAIAL), Vellore Institute of Technology","place":["Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vikram","family":"S.","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT) School of Agricultural Innovations and Advanced Learning (VAIAL), Vellore Institute of Technology","place":["Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Varshini","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT) School of Agricultural Innovations and Advanced Learning (VAIAL), Vellore Institute of Technology","place":["Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Theivasigamani","family":"Parthasarathi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT) School of Agricultural Innovations and Advanced Learning (VAIAL), Vellore Institute of Technology","place":["Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2021.125574","article-title":"Bio-interaction of nano and bulk lanthanum and ytterbium oxides in soil system: Biochemical, genetic, and histopathological effects on Eisenia fetida","volume":"415","author":"Adeel","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-27844-5","article-title":"Green synthesis of spermine coated iron nanoparticles and its effect on biochemical properties of Rosmarinus officinalis","volume":"13","author":"Afrouz","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-323-91900-5.00007-2","article-title":"Persistence of pesticides residues with chemical food preservatives in fruits and vegetables","volume-title":"Current Developments in Biotechnology and Bioengineering","author":"Aguilar-Marcelino","year":"2023"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jrras.2015.06.006","article-title":"Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Azadirachta indica aqueous leaf extract","volume":"9","author":"Ahmed","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Radiat Res. Appl. Sci."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2021.112027","article-title":"A review on metal-based nanoparticles and their toxicity to beneficial soil bacteria and fungi","volume":"213","author":"Ameen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.00645-24","article-title":"Cell wall nanoparticles from hyphae of Alternaria infectoria grown with caspofungin, nikkomycin, or pyroquilon trigger different activation profiles in macrophages","volume":"12","author":"Antunes","year":"2024","journal-title":"Microbiol. Spectr."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talo.2025.100546","article-title":"Electrochemical detection of enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin based on mesoporous La2O2CO3 nanostructures\u2013an eco-friendly electrode material for sustainability","author":"Chakravorty","year":"2025","journal-title":"Talanta Open"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153556","article-title":"Natural products targeting the synthesis of \u03b2 (1, 3)-D-glucan and chitin of the fungal cell wall. Existing drugs and recent findings","volume":"88","author":"Curto","year":"2021","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7313","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules15107313","article-title":"Plant phenolics: extraction, analysis and their antioxidant and anticancer properties","volume":"15","author":"Dai","year":"2010","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/catal11080902","article-title":"Green synthesis of metallic nanoparticles: applications and limitations","volume":"11","author":"Dikshit","year":"2021","journal-title":"Catalysts"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aap7999","article-title":"Worldwide emergence of resistance to antifungal drugs challenges human health and food security","volume":"360","author":"Fisher","year":"2018","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sajb.2024.10.059","article-title":"Effects of seed priming with La2O3 nanoparticles on seed vigor of alfalfa (Medicago sativa) under salt stress","volume":"176","author":"Gao","year":"2025","journal-title":"S. Afr. J. Bot."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1111\/ijfs.13987","article-title":"Recent advances in orange oil extraction: An opportunity for the valorisation of orange peel waste a review","volume":"54","author":"Gavahian","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6863","DOI":"10.1007\/s12649-025-03095-5","article-title":"The second life of citrus: Phytochemical characterization and antifungal activity bioprospection of C. limon and C. sinensis peel extracts against potato rot disease","volume":"16","author":"Hajji-Hedfi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Waste Biomass Valorization"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21737","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-73016-4","article-title":"Synthesis and characterization of Lanthanum Oxide nanoparticles using Citrus aurantium and their effects on Citrus limon Germination and Callogenesis","volume":"14","author":"Hanif","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nxmate.2025.100719","article-title":"Lanthanum-based nanoparticles: A promising frontier in antimicrobial applications","volume":"8","author":"Ifijen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Next Materials"},{"key":"B17","first-page":"385","article-title":"Synthesis of silver nanoparticles: chemical, physical and biological methods","volume":"9","author":"Iravani","year":"2014","journal-title":"Res. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5201","DOI":"10.1007\/s12598-024-03204-8","article-title":"A critical review of lanthanum and lanthanum\u2010based materials: synthesis, applications, and challenges","volume":"44","author":"Jadhav","year":"2025","journal-title":"Rare Met"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.33687\/phytopath.011.01.4181","article-title":"Preliminary selection and evaluation of fungicides and natural compounds to control grey mold disease of rose caused by Botrytis cinerea","volume":"11","author":"Jatoi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Phytopathol."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/plants14142121","article-title":"Fungal melanin in plant pathogens: complex biosynthesis pathways and diverse biological functions","volume":"14","author":"Jia","year":"2025","journal-title":"Plants"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering12090995","article-title":"Characterization of La2O3 nanoparticles and their effects on bacteria, Vero and MG63 cells, and zebrafish development","volume":"12","author":"Kishore","year":"2025","journal-title":"Bioengineering"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering12090995","article-title":"Characterization of La2O3 nanoparticles and their effects on bacteria, Vero and MG63 cells, and zebrafish development","volume":"12","author":"Kishore","year":"2025","journal-title":"Bioengineering"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.5772\/intechopen.90891","article-title":"Antimicrobial effect of titanium dioxide nanoparticles","volume-title":"Antimicrobial Resistance \u2013 A One Health Perspective","author":"L\u00f3pez de Dicastillo","year":"2021"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1963","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apt.2021.04.004","article-title":"Green synthesis of lanthanum oxide nanoparticles using Moringa oleifera leaves extract and its biological activities","volume":"32","author":"Maheshwaran","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Powder Technol."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioteChadv.2013.01.003","article-title":"Synthesis of metallic nanoparticles using plant extracts","volume":"31","author":"Mittal","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Adv."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8191","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.70127","article-title":"Silver nanoparticles enhance chilli resistance against Colletotrichum capsici through dual antifungal and immunity\u2010inducing mechanisms","volume":"81","author":"Muhae\u2010Ud\u2010Din","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pest Manage. Sci."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/plants11070849","article-title":"Fungal pathogenesis-related cell wall biogenesis, with emphasis on the maize anthracnose fungus Colletotrichum graminicola","volume":"11","author":"Oliveira Silva","year":"2022","journal-title":"Plants"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nxnano.2025.100290","article-title":"Nanotechnology-driven antifungal strategies: A systematic review of mechanisms, therapeutic efficacy, and translational barriers in combating drug-resistant fungal infections","volume":"8","author":"Oso","year":"2025","journal-title":"Next Nanotechnology"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.4161\/oxim.2.5.9498","article-title":"Plant polyphenols as dietary antioxidants in human health and disease","volume":"2","author":"Pandey","year":"2009","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell. Longevity"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1142\/s2251237325500121","article-title":"Lanthanum oxide nanoparticles synthesis using plant extracts: A greener approach","volume":"13","author":"Perumal","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Mol. Eng. Materials"},{"key":"B31","first-page":"1090","article-title":"The role of melanin in plant pathogenic fungi: insights into structure, biosynthesis, and function","volume":"6","author":"Ramachandra","year":"2023","journal-title":"Plant Biol. Crop Res."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsadv.2022.100210","article-title":"Facile green synthesis of lanthanum oxide nanoparticles using Centella Asiatica and Tridax plants: Photocatalytic, electrochemical sensor and antimicrobial studies","volume":"7","author":"Rashmi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Appl. Surf Sci. Adv."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jof10100681","article-title":"Airborne Alternaria spores: 70 annual records in northwestern Spain","volume":"10","author":"S\u00e1nchez Espinosa","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Fungi"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215S","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/81.1.215s","article-title":"Polyphenols: antioxidants and beyond","volume":"81","author":"Scalbert","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms251910519","article-title":"Review of antimicrobial properties of titanium dioxide nanoparticles","volume":"25","author":"Serov","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ma15175820","article-title":"Preparation, antimicrobial properties under different light sources, mechanisms and applications of TiO2: A review","volume":"15","author":"Shang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Materials"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fchem.2023.1154128","article-title":"Bacteria assisted green synthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles and their potential applications as antimicrobial agents and plant growth stimulants","volume":"11","author":"Singh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Chem."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2016.02.006","article-title":"Biological synthesis of nanoparticles from plants and microorganisms","volume":"34","author":"Singh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trends Biotechnol."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nano12244470","article-title":"Mechanisms of antifungal properties of metal nanoparticles","volume":"12","author":"Slavin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nanomaterials"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1631\/jzus.b0860007","article-title":"Chilli anthracnose disease caused by Colletotrichum species","volume":"9","author":"Than","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Zhejiang Univ. Sci. B."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.71058","article-title":"First report of a Citrobacter sp. for fungal plant disease control: phenethyl alcohol\u2010producing NJC30 suppresses target spot on soybean","author":"Zhu","year":"2026","journal-title":"Pest Manage. Sci"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Fungal Biology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/ffunb.2026.1925291\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T05:29:54Z","timestamp":1789104594000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/ffunb.2026.1925291\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]]},"references-count":41,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/ffunb.2026.1925291"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/ffunb.2026.1925291","relation":{},"ISSN":["2673-6128"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2673-6128","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]]},"article-number":"1925291"}}