{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T06:49:31Z","timestamp":1791355771243,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791331200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Genome Ed."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Given the growing emphasis on the efficient application of CRISPR\/Cas9 in plant genome editing, there is a need for methodologies that enhance targeted mutagenesis efficiency. In the present study, we utilized stable transgenic maize callus tissues harboring active CRISPR\/Cas9 vector systems targeting either the\n                    <jats:italic>abnormal cytokinin response 1<\/jats:italic>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic>ARE1<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) gene or the\n                    <jats:italic>potassium channel<\/jats:italic>\n                    gene (\n                    <jats:italic>KAT2<\/jats:italic>\n                    ). The presented DNA sequencing data indicate that the\n                    <jats:italic>KAT2<\/jats:italic>\n                    -targeting vector, which utilizes a 3\u2032-end truncated guide RNA, retained mutagenic activity, albeit at a notably low frequency. We quantified mutagenic events following exposure to elevated temperatures (37\u00a0\u00b0C for 48\u00a0h) and various chromatin-modifying compounds, including sodium butyrate (NaBt), nicotinamide (NA), and 5-azacytidine (AZA). High-temperature treatment alone increased the frequency of nucleotide deletions (5.8-fold relative to the untreated samples) in the\n                    <jats:italic>ARE1<\/jats:italic>\n                    target gene. Conversely, in the\n                    <jats:italic>KAT2<\/jats:italic>\n                    gene, both deletions and insertions were stimulated (6.4 and 6.2-fold, respectively). As a novel approach, we evaluated the mutagenic efficacy of chromatin-modifying compounds administered in conjunction with heat treatment. The combined application of NaBt and AZA with elevated temperature was particularly effective in increasing insertion frequencies; in the\n                    <jats:italic>ARE1<\/jats:italic>\n                    (with NaBt + heat: 17.3-fold) and\n                    <jats:italic>KAT2<\/jats:italic>\n                    (with AZA + heat: 21.4-fold) genes. Cell cycle analysis of suspension-cultured cells revealed that chromatin-modifying treatments altered cell cycle progression, evidenced by an accumulation of cells in the G2 phase and a significant reduction in the number of mitotic cells. Subsequent DNA sequencing demonstrated a differential increase in the induction of deletions and insertions, alongside an expansion of the deleted regions.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fgeed.2026.1924094","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T05:50:21Z","timestamp":1791352221000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Variable alterations in frequencies of CRISPR\/Cas9-induced nucleotide deletion and insertion in transgenic maize callus tissues exposed to chromatin modifiers"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Bettina","family":"Nagy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Agribiotechnology and Precision Breeding for Food Security National Laboratory, Institute of Plant Biology, HUN-REN Biological Research Centre","place":["Szeged, 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