{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T02:21:19Z","timestamp":1791166879481,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Front. Genet."],"DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2015.00085","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,10]],"date-time":"2015-03-10T15:33:42Z","timestamp":1426001622000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Reduced DNA methylation at the PEG3 DMR and KvDMR1 loci in children exposed to alcohol in utero: a South African Fetal Alcohol Syndrome cohort study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Matshane L.","family":"Masemola","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lize van der","family":"Merwe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zan\u00e9","family":"Lombard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Denis","family":"Viljoen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mich\u00e8le","family":"Ramsay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1016\/0892-0362(95)98055-6","article-title":"Maternal risk factors in fetal alcohol syndrome: provocative and permissive influences","volume":"17","author":"Abel","year":"1995","journal-title":"Neurotoxicol. Teratol."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4724","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddp435","article-title":"Multilocus methylation analysis in a large cohort of 11p15-related foetal growth disorders (Russell Silver and Beckwith Wiedemann syndromes) reveals simultaneous loss of methylation at paternal and maternal imprinted loci","volume":"18","author":"Azzi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1016\/S0091-3057(96)00255-9","article-title":"Teratogenic actions of ethanol in the mouse: a minireview","volume":"55","author":"Becker","year":"1996","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1038\/ejhg.2009.117","article-title":"Specific epigenetic alterations of IGF2-H19 locus in spermatozoa from infertile men","volume":"18","author":"Boissonnas","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. J. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2009.12.003","article-title":"Decreased placental methylation at the H19\/IGF2 imprinting control region is associated with normotensive intrauterine growth restriction but not preeclampsia","volume":"31","author":"Bourque","year":"2010","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1141","DOI":"10.1002\/humu.20771","article-title":"Clinical features of maternal uniparental disomy 14 in patients with an epimutation and a deletion of the imprinted DLK1\/GTL2 gene cluster","volume":"29","author":"Buiting","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hum. Mutat."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197805112981906","article-title":"The fetal alcohol syndrome","volume":"298","author":"Clarren","year":"1978","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.2144\/03351md01","article-title":"Sensitive and quantitative universal Pyrosequencing methylation analysis of CpG sites","volume":"35","author":"Colella","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biotechniques"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1007\/s00439-002-0688-4","article-title":"A case of segmental paternal isodisomy of chromosome 14","volume":"110","author":"Coveler","year":"2002","journal-title":"Hum. Genet."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1303","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2004.2725","article-title":"Coadaptation in mother and infant regulated by a paternally expressed imprinted gene","volume":"271","author":"Curley","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1136\/jmg.40.11.797","article-title":"Silencing of CDKN1C (p57KIP2) is associated with hypomethylation at KvDMR1 in Beckwith\u2013Wiedemann syndrome","volume":"40","author":"Diaz-Meyer","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Med. Genet."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.alcohol.2010.07.006","article-title":"Subtle decreases in DNA methylation and gene expression at the mouse Igf2 locus following prenatal alcohol exposure: effects of a methyl-supplemented diet","volume":"45","author":"Downing","year":"2011","journal-title":"Alcohol"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1378","DOI":"10.1038\/ng1909","article-title":"DNA methylation profiling of human chromosomes 6, 20 and 22","volume":"38","author":"Eckhardt","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1007\/s00439-007-0430-3","article-title":"Gender specific differences in levels of DNA methylation at selected loci from human total blood: a tendency toward higher methylation levels in males","volume":"122","author":"El-Maarri","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hum. Genet."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-14-0767","article-title":"Temporal stability and determinants of white blood cell DNA methylation in the breakthrough generations study","volume":"24","author":"Flanagan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1186","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddt531","article-title":"Cross-sectional and longitudinal changes in DNA methylation with age: an epigenome-wide analysis revealing over 60 novel age-associated CpG sites","volume":"23","author":"Florath","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"issue":"Suppl. 5","key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S149","DOI":"10.1007\/s10995-006-0116-9","article-title":"Strategies to reduce alcohol-exposed pregnancies","volume":"10","author":"Floyd","year":"2006","journal-title":"Matern. Child Health J."},{"issue":"Pt 3","key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1529-8817.2004.00081.x","article-title":"Age related changes in 5-methylcytosine content in human peripheral leukocytes and placentas: an HPLC-based study","volume":"68","author":"Fuke","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ann. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.1991.tb00536.x","article-title":"Ethanol consumption inhibits fetal DNA methylation in mice: implications for the fetal alcohol syndrome","volume":"15","author":"Garro","year":"1991","journal-title":"Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejhg.5200649","article-title":"Analysis of the methylation status of the KCNQ1OT and H19 genes in leukocyte DNA for the diagnosis and prognosis of Beckwith\u2013Wiedemann syndrome","volume":"9","author":"Gaston","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur. J. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejhg.5201759","article-title":"Methylation analysis of the intergenic differentially methylated region of DLK1-GTL2 in human","volume":"15","author":"Geuns","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur. J. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.1038\/ng1629","article-title":"Epimutation of the telomeric imprinting center region on chromosome 11p15 in Silver\u2013Russell syndrome","volume":"37","author":"Gicquel","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10072","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.112336399","article-title":"Folate deficiency disturbs hepatic methionine metabolism and promotes liver injury in the ethanol-fed micropig","volume":"99","author":"Halsted","year":"2002","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.108.074690","article-title":"Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders: the epigenetic perspective","volume":"81","author":"Haycock","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.108.074682","article-title":"Exposure of mouse embryos to ethanol during preimplantation development: effect on DNA methylation in the h19 imprinting control region","volume":"81","author":"Haycock","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17046","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0806560105","article-title":"Persistent epigenetic differences associated with prenatal exposure to famine in humans","volume":"105","author":"Heijmans","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrfmmm.2008.08.008","article-title":"Genomic imprinting mechanisms in mammals","volume":"647","author":"Ideraabdullah","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mutat. Res."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mam.2012.06.009","article-title":"The role of imprinted genes in humans","volume":"34","author":"Ishida","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Aspects Med."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11757","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.93.21.11757","article-title":"Switch from monoallelic to biallelic human IGF2 promoter methylation during aging and carcinogenesis","volume":"93","author":"Issa","year":"1996","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1007\/PL00000885","article-title":"Three classes of C2H2 zinc finger proteins","volume":"58","author":"Iuchi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.00108271","article-title":"Genomic imprinting and environmental disease susceptibility","volume":"108","author":"Jirtle","year":"2000","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg2045","article-title":"Environmental epigenomics and disease susceptibility","volume":"8","author":"Jirtle","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Genet."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.a.30941","article-title":"Segmental and full paternal isodisomy for chromosome 14 in three patients: narrowing the critical region and implication for the clinical features","volume":"138A","author":"Kagami","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Med. Genet. A"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1000811","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1000811","article-title":"Maternal ethanol consumption alters the epigenotype and the phenotype of offspring in a mouse model","volume":"6","author":"Kaminen-Ahola","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS Genet."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2012.00010","article-title":"The effect of preconception paternal alcohol exposure on epigenetic remodeling of the h19 and rasgrf1 imprinting control regions in mouse offspring","volume":"3","author":"Knezovich","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front. Genet."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1126\/science.284.5412.330","article-title":"Regulation of maternal behavior and offspring growth by paternally expressed Peg3","volume":"284","author":"Li","year":"1999","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1038\/ng1233","article-title":"Asymmetric regulation of imprinting on the maternal and paternal chromosomes at the Dlk1-Gtl2 imprinted cluster on mouse chromosome 12","volume":"35","author":"Lin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1007\/s13148-011-0042-6","article-title":"Insufficient DNA methylation affects healthy aging and promotes age-related health problems","volume":"2","author":"Liu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Epigenetics"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mad.2003.08.001","article-title":"Aging, cancer and nutrition: the DNA methylation connection","volume":"124","author":"Liu","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mech. Ageing Dev."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.4161\/epi.4.7.9925","article-title":"Alcohol exposure alters DNA methylation profiles in mouse embryos at early neurulation","volume":"4","author":"Liu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Epigenetics"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.10015","article-title":"Differential maintenance and de novo methylating activity by three DNA methyltransferases in aging and immortalized fibroblasts","volume":"84","author":"Lopatina","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Cell. Biochem."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e8","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0030008","article-title":"Preventing fetal alcohol spectrum disorder in Aboriginal communities: a methods development project","volume":"3","author":"Masotti","year":"2006","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1905","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.90.12.1905","article-title":"Epidemiology of fetal alcohol syndrome in a South African community in the Western Cape Province","volume":"90","author":"May","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Public Health"},{"key":"B44","first-page":"159","article-title":"Estimating the prevalence of fetal alcohol syndrome. A summary","volume":"25","author":"May","year":"2001","journal-title":"Alcohol Res. Health"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2006.11.007","article-title":"The epidemiology of fetal alcohol syndrome and partial FAS in a South African community","volume":"88","author":"May","year":"2007","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2004.056366","article-title":"Using the past to step forward: fetal alcohol syndrome in the Western Cape Province of South Africa","volume":"95","author":"McKinstry","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Public Health"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1215","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/16.3.1215","article-title":"A simple salting out procedure for extracting DNA from human nucleated cells","volume":"16","author":"Miller","year":"1988","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e56325","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0056325","article-title":"Associations between methylation of paternally expressed gene 3 (PEG3), cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and invasive cervical cancer","volume":"8","author":"Nye","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.4161\/epi.3.4.6550","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms regulating phenotypic outcome in paternal and maternal uniparental disomy for chromosome 14","volume":"3","author":"Ogata","year":"2008","journal-title":"Epigenetics"},{"key":"B50","author":"Pinheiro","year":"2015"},{"key":"B51","author":"R Core Team.","year":"2014"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2379","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/4.12.2379","article-title":"Imprinting mutations in the Beckwith\u2013Wiedemann syndrome suggested by altered imprinting pattern in the IGF2-H19 domain","volume":"4","author":"Reik","year":"1995","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1006\/dbio.1996.0172","article-title":"Pw1, a novel zinc finger gene implicated in the myogenic and neuronal lineages","volume":"177","author":"Relaix","year":"1996","journal-title":"Dev. Biol."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1007\/s11065-011-9166-x","article-title":"Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders: an overview","volume":"21","author":"Riley","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuropsychol. Rev."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1177\/15353702-0323006-03","article-title":"Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders: an overview with emphasis on changes in brain and behavior","volume":"230","author":"Riley","year":"2005","journal-title":"Exp. Biol. Med. (Maywood)"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.050774","article-title":"Epigenetics and human disease: translating basic biology into clinical applications","volume":"174","author":"Rodenhiser","year":"2006","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2135","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddi218","article-title":"Interindividual variability and parent of origin DNA methylation differences at specific human Alu elements","volume":"14","author":"Sandovici","year":"2005","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1007\/s00439-005-1317-9","article-title":"Sex differential in methylation patterns of selected genes in Singapore Chinese","volume":"117","author":"Sarter","year":"2005","journal-title":"Hum. Genet."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1997","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.14.16.1997","article-title":"The Dlk1 and Gtl2 genes are linked and reciprocally imprinted","volume":"14","author":"Schmidt","year":"2000","journal-title":"Genes Dev."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1042","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2006.08.006","article-title":"Global hypomethylation of peripheral leukocyte DNA in male patients with schizophrenia: a potential link between epigenetics and schizophrenia","volume":"41","author":"Shimabukuro","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tig.2011.09.004","article-title":"De novo DNA methylation: a germ cell perspective","volume":"28","author":"Smallwood","year":"2012","journal-title":"Trends Genet."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2996","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.290.22.2996","article-title":"Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder","volume":"290","author":"Sokol","year":"2003","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2011.02.009","article-title":"Prenatal exposure to ethanol: a specific effect on the H19 gene in sperm","volume":"31","author":"Stouder","year":"2011","journal-title":"Reprod. Toxicol."},{"key":"B64","volume-title":"Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: Diagnosis, Epidemiology, Prevention and Treatment","author":"Stratton","year":"1996"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.1320470612","article-title":"Fetal alcohol syndrome in twins of alcoholic mothers: concordance of diagnosis and, I. Q","volume":"47","author":"Streissguth","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am. J. Med. Genet."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1136\/jmg.2007.050807","article-title":"Isolated imprinting mutation of the DLK1\/GTL2 locus associated with a clinical presentation of maternal uniparental disomy of chromosome 14","volume":"44","author":"Temple","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Med. Genet."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2012.10.005","article-title":"DNA-binding motif and target genes of the imprinted transcription factor PEG3","volume":"512","author":"Thiaville","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"B68","first-page":"37","article-title":"In utero alcohol exposure, epigenetic changes, and their consequences","volume":"35","author":"Ungerer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Alcohol Res."},{"key":"B69","first-page":"877","article-title":"Fetal alcohol syndrome among grade 1 schoolchildren in Northern Cape Province: prevalence and risk factors","volume":"98","author":"Urban","year":"2008","journal-title":"S. Afr. Med. J."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.15288\/jsa.2005.66.593","article-title":"Fetal alcohol syndrome epidemiology in a South African community: a second study of a very high prevalence area","volume":"66","author":"Viljoen","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Stud. Alcohol"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1038\/ejhg.2009.106","article-title":"Beckwith\u2013Wiedemann syndrome","volume":"18","author":"Weksberg","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. J. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.1126\/science.6844925","article-title":"DNA methylation decreases in aging but not in immortal cells","volume":"220","author":"Wilson","year":"1983","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-8935-4-1","article-title":"Quantitative analysis of DNA methylation at all human imprinted regions reveals preservation of epigenetic stability in adult somatic tissue","volume":"4","author":"Woodfine","year":"2011","journal-title":"Epigenetics Chromatin"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M107435200","article-title":"Peg3\/Pw1 is involved in p53-mediated cell death pathway in brain ischemia\/hypoxia","volume":"277","author":"Yamaguchi","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Genetics"],"original-title":[],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,1]],"date-time":"2022-05-01T20:57:38Z","timestamp":1651438658000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/journal.frontiersin.org\/Article\/10.3389\/fgene.2015.00085\/abstract"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,10]]},"references-count":74,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fgene.2015.00085","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-8021"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-8021","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,10]]}}}