{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T03:31:11Z","timestamp":1782444671896,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":150,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,4]],"date-time":"2018-12-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1543881600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000027","name":"National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000027","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Genet."],"DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2018.00610","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,4]],"date-time":"2018-12-04T05:38:22Z","timestamp":1543901902000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Prenatal Alcohol Exposure: Profiling Developmental DNA Methylation Patterns in Central and Peripheral Tissues"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Alexandre A.","family":"Lussier","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tamara S.","family":"Bodnar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew","family":"Mingay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandre M.","family":"Morin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Hirst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael S.","family":"Kobor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joanne","family":"Weinberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-015-1760-5","article-title":"Ethanol-induced TLR4\/NLRP3 neuroinflammatory response in microglial cells promotes leukocyte infiltration across the BBB","volume":"41","author":"Alfonso-Loeches","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurochem. Res."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1413","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.4112","article-title":"Sex differences and stress across the lifespan","volume":"18","author":"Bale","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e20e","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkw957","article-title":"Using predictive specificity to determine when gene set analysis is biologically meaningful","volume":"45","author":"Ballouz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.mp.4000819","article-title":"DRD4 and DAT1 as modifying genes in alcoholism: interaction with novelty seeking on level of alcohol consumption","volume":"6","author":"Bau","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.12082","article-title":"Gestational choline supplementation normalized fetal alcohol-induced alterations in histone modifications, DNA methylation, and proopiomelanocortin (POMC) gene expression in beta-endorphin-producing POMC neurons of the hypothalamus","volume":"37","author":"Bekdash","year":"2013","journal-title":"Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1004402","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1004402","article-title":"Mosaic epigenetic dysregulation of ectodermal cells in autism spectrum disorder","volume":"10","author":"Berko","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Genet."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05913","article-title":"Perceptions of epigenetics","volume":"447","author":"Bird","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.2217\/epi.09.6","article-title":"Epigenetic biomarker development","volume":"1","author":"Bock","year":"2009","journal-title":"Epigenomics"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2016.05.022","article-title":"Evidence for an immune signature of prenatal alcohol exposure in female rats","volume":"58","author":"Bodnar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Brain. Behav. Immun."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4614-4729-0_10","article-title":"Prenatal alcohol exposure: impact on neuroendocrine\u2013neuroimmune networks BT","volume-title":"Neural-Immune Interactions in Brain Function and Alcohol Related Disorders","author":"Bodnar","year":"2013"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1220671","article-title":"Quantitative sequencing of 5-methylcytosine and 5-hydroxymethylcytosine at single-base resolution","volume":"80","author":"Booth","year":"2012","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP595","article-title":"Small-magnitude effect sizes in epigenetic end points are important in children's environmental health studies: the children's environmental health and disease prevention research center's epigenetics working group","volume":"125","author":"Breton","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4178-07.2008","article-title":"A transcriptome database for astrocytes, neurons, and oligodendrocytes: a new resource for understanding brain development and function","volume":"28","author":"Cahoy","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-385870-2.00033-0","article-title":"The hypothalamus: an overview of regulatory systems","author":"Card","year":"2012","journal-title":"Fundamental Neuroscience, 4th Edn."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0154836","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0154836","article-title":"Alteration of gene expression, DNA methylation, and histone methylation in free radical scavenging networks in adult mouse hippocampus following fetal alcohol exposure","volume":"11","author":"Chater-Diehl","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.b.31208","article-title":"Association between polymorphisms of DRD2 and DRD4 and opioid dependence: Evidence from the current studies","volume":"156","author":"Chen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Med. Genet. Part B Neuropsychiatr. Genet."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.2038","article-title":"Sleep problems in children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders","volume":"8","author":"Chen","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Sleep Med."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0060503","article-title":"DNA methylation program in developing hippocampus and its alteration by alcohol","volume":"8","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e89128","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0089128","article-title":"Male-specific association between dopamine receptor D4 gene methylation and schizophrenia","volume":"9","author":"Cheng","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.82.2.147","article-title":"Hearing disorders in children with fetal alcohol syndrome: findings from case reports","volume":"82","author":"Church","year":"1988","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-016-0828-3","article-title":"Epigenetic regulation of the DRD4 gene and dimensions of attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder in children","volume":"25","author":"Dadds","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-3782(79)90022-7","article-title":"Comparative aspects of the brain growth spurt","volume":"3","author":"Dobbing","year":"1979","journal-title":"Early Hum. Dev."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1186\/1744-9081-8-31","article-title":"A genetic association study of DNA methylation levels in the DRD4 gene region finds associations with nearby SNPs","volume":"8","author":"Docherty","year":"2012","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Funct."},{"key":"B24","first-page":"136","article-title":"Developmental alcohol and circadian clock function","volume":"25","author":"Earnest","year":"2001","journal-title":"Alcohol Res. Health"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/111609","article-title":"BECon: a tool for interpreting DNA methylation findings from blood in the context of brain","author":"Edgar","year":"2017","journal-title":"bioRxiv[Preprint]"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-012023-2.50005-1","article-title":"Interrelationships between the foetal and maternal hypophysial adrenal axes in rats and mice","volume-title":"Physiology and Pathology of Adaptation Mechanisms","author":"Eguchi","year":"1969"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-014-0497-1","article-title":"Biomarkers in the diagnosis of ADHD \u2013 promising directions","volume":"16","author":"Faraone","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Psychiatry Rep."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/s13072-015-0011-y","article-title":"Concordant and discordant DNA methylation signatures of aging in human blood and brain","volume":"8","author":"Farr\u00e9","year":"2015","journal-title":"Epigenet. Chromatin"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1438","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2014.159","article-title":"Transcriptome organization for chronic alcohol abuse in human brain","volume":"20","author":"Farris","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"dvw023","DOI":"10.1093\/eep\/dvw023","article-title":"Perinatal maternal alcohol consumption and methylation of the dopamine receptor DRD4 in the offspring: the Triple B study","volume":"2","author":"Fransquet","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Epigenetics"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R8","DOI":"10.1186\/gb-2012-13-2-r8","article-title":"Population-specificity of human DNA methylation","volume":"13","author":"Fraser","year":"2012","journal-title":"Genome Biol."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1148","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2010.78","article-title":"Gene function analysis in complex data sets using ErmineJ","volume":"5","author":"Gillis","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Protoc."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e17258","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0017258","article-title":"The impact of multifunctional genes on \u201cguilt by association\u201d analysis","volume":"6","author":"Gillis","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1079\/PNS19980016","article-title":"Maternal nutrition, placental growth and fetal programming","volume":"57","author":"Godfrey","year":"1998","journal-title":"Proc. Nutr. Soc."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2014.00203","article-title":"Molecular pathways underpinning ethanol-induced neurodegeneration","volume":"5","author":"Goldowitz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Genet."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2012.04.006","article-title":"Male germline transmits fetal alcohol adverse effect on hypothalamic proopiomelanocortin gene across generations","volume":"72","author":"Govorko","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e19351","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0019351","article-title":"Alcohol exposure decreases CREB binding protein expression and histone acetylation in the developing cerebellum","volume":"6","author":"Guo","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aad7038","article-title":"Div-seq: single nucleus RNA-Seq reveals dynamics of rare adult newborn neurons","volume":"353","author":"Habib","year":"2016","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2055","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2006.00251.x","article-title":"Infant stress reactivity and prenatal alcohol exposure","volume":"30","author":"Haley","year":"2006","journal-title":"Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-7843.2007.00186.x","article-title":"Developmental origins of health and disease: new insights","volume":"102","author":"Hanson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Basic Clin. Pharmacol. Toxicol."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbiomolbio.2010.12.008","article-title":"Developmental plasticity and developmental origins of non-communicable disease: theoretical considerations and epigenetic mechanisms","volume":"106","author":"Hanson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Prog. Biophys. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.1682","article-title":"Comparison of sequencing-based methods to profile DNA methylation and identification of monoallelic epigenetic modifications","volume":"28","author":"Harris","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2009.06.004","article-title":"Prenatal alcohol exposure: fetal programming and later life vulnerability to stress, depression and anxiety disorders","volume":"34","author":"Hellemans","year":"","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1418.016","article-title":"Prenatal alcohol exposure increases vulnerability to stress and anxiety-like disorders in adulthood","volume":"1144","author":"Hellemans","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2009.01132.x","article-title":"Prenatal alcohol exposure and chronic mild stress differentially alter depressive- and anxiety-like behaviors in male and female offspring","volume":"34","author":"Hellemans","year":"","journal-title":"Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1363","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.154187.112","article-title":"DNA methylation contributes to natural human variation","volume":"23","author":"Heyn","year":"2013","journal-title":"Genome Res."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.298","article-title":"The human colon cancer methylome shows similar hypo- and hypermethylation at conserved tissue-specific CpG island shores","volume":"41","author":"Irizarry","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.mp.4001437","article-title":"Molecular characterization of bipolar disorder by comparing gene expression profiles of postmortem brains of major mental disorders","volume":"9","author":"Iwamoto","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1017\/s0954579499002011","article-title":"Effects of prenatal alcohol and cocaine exposure on infant cortisol levels","volume":"11","author":"Jacobson","year":"1999","journal-title":"Dev. Psychopathol."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2732","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2016.5560","article-title":"Elevated DRD4 promoter methylation increases the risk of Alzheimer's disease in males","volume":"14","author":"Ji","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Med. Rep."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(73)91092-1","article-title":"Recognition of the fetal alcohol syndrome in early infancy","volume":"302","author":"Jones","year":"1973","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1068","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1063852","article-title":"The role of DNA methylation in mammalian epigenetics","volume":"293","author":"Jones","year":"2001","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.alcohol.2014.11.004","article-title":"Salivary cortisol levels are elevated in the afternoon and at bedtime in children with prenatal alcohol exposure","volume":"49","author":"Keiver","year":"2015","journal-title":"Alcohol"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1097\/YPG.0b013e328363d6e1","article-title":"Analysis of association between dopamine receptor genes' methylation and their expression profile with the risk of schizophrenia","volume":"23","author":"Kordi-Tamandani","year":"2013","journal-title":"Psychiatr. Genet."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"862","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2013.114","article-title":"Common DNA methylation alterations in multiple brain regions in autism","volume":"19","author":"Ladd-Acosta","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"908","DOI":"10.4161\/epi.6.7.16431","article-title":"The influence of aging, environmental exposures and local sequence features on the variation of DNA methylation in blood","volume":"6","author":"Langevin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Epigenetics"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2217\/epi.15.60","article-title":"Associative DNA methylation changes in children with prenatal alcohol exposure","volume":"7","author":"Laufer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Epigenomics"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1242\/dmm.010975","article-title":"Long-lasting alterations to DNA methylation and ncRNAs could underlie the effects of fetal alcohol exposure in mice","volume":"6","author":"Laufer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Dis. Model. Mech."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2013.08.028","article-title":"Altered gamma-aminobutyric acid type B receptor subunit 1 splicing in alcoholics","volume":"75","author":"Lee","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2105-6-269","article-title":"ErmineJ: tool for functional analysis of gene expression data sets","volume":"6","author":"Lee","year":"2005","journal-title":"BMC Bioinformatics"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4530(95)00038-0","article-title":"Gender differences in the effect of prenatal alcohol exposure on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis response to immune signals","volume":"21","author":"Lee","year":"1996","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/bts034","article-title":"The sva package for removing batch effects and other unwanted variation in high-throughput experiments","volume":"28","author":"Leek","year":"2012","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1038\/s41592-018-0038-7","article-title":"A reassessment of DNA-immunoprecipitation-based genomic profiling","volume":"15","author":"Lentini","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1754","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btp324","article-title":"Fast and accurate short read alignment with Burrows-Wheeler transform","volume":"25","author":"Li","year":"2009","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2078","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btp352","article-title":"The sequence alignment\/map format and SAMtools","volume":"25","author":"Li","year":"2009","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.114.150490","article-title":"Loci with genome-wide associations with schizophrenia in the Han Chinese population","volume":"207","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1875","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awv102","article-title":"Fibroblast growth factor signalling in multiple sclerosis: inhibition of myelination and induction of pro-inflammatory environment by FGF9","volume":"138","author":"Lindner","year":"2015","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1237905","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1237905","article-title":"Global epigenomic reconfiguration during mammalian brain development","volume":"341","author":"Lister","year":"2013","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2015.01.006","article-title":"Ethanol deregulates Mecp2\/MeCP2 in differentiating neural stem cells via interplay between 5-methylcytosine and 5-hydroxymethylcytosine at the Mecp2 regulatory elements","volume":"265","author":"Liyanage","year":"2015","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.4161\/epi.24362","article-title":"Buccals are likely to be a more informative surrogate tissue than blood for epigenome-wide association studies","volume":"8","author":"Lowe","year":"2013","journal-title":"Epigenetics"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.npp.1300925","article-title":"ADH4 gene variation is associated with alcohol dependence and drug dependence in european Americans: results from HWD tests and case-control association studies","volume":"31","author":"Luo","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/s13148-018-0439-6","article-title":"DNA methylation as a predictor of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder","volume":"10","author":"Lussier","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Epigenet."},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.12622","article-title":"Prenatal alcohol exposure alters steady-state and activated gene expression in the adult rat brain","volume":"39","author":"Lussier","year":"2015","journal-title":"Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.2217\/epi-2016-0163","article-title":"Epigenetics studies of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder: where are we now?","volume":"9","author":"Lussier","year":"2017","journal-title":"Epigenomics"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2011.01436.x","article-title":"Differential expression of 14-3-3 isoforms in human alcoholic brain","volume":"35","author":"MacKay","year":"2011","journal-title":"Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcn.2016.06.006","article-title":"Expression of 14-3-3 transcript isoforms in response to ethanol exposure and their regulation by miRNAs","volume":"75","author":"Mathew","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Neurosci."},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/S1043-2760(02)00690-2","article-title":"Early programming of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis","volume":"13","author":"Matthews","year":"2002","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1007\/s11065-011-9167-9","article-title":"Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders: neuropsychological and behavioral features","volume":"21","author":"Mattson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuropsychol. Rev."},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1256","DOI":"10.1038\/cr.2013.110","article-title":"Intragenic DNA methylation modulates alternative splicing by recruiting MeCP2 to promote exon recognition","volume":"23","author":"Maunakea","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Res."},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09165","article-title":"Conserved role of intragenic DNA methylation in regulating alternative promoters","volume":"466","author":"Maunakea","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2015.07.024","article-title":"Role of DNA methylation in modulating transcription factor occupancy","volume":"12","author":"Maurano","year":"2015","journal-title":"CellReports"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2017.21896","article-title":"Prevalence of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders in 4 US communities","volume":"319","author":"May","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2009.09.019","article-title":"Adolescent development, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal function, and programming of adult learning and memory","volume":"34","author":"McCormick","year":"2010","journal-title":"Prog. Neuro-Psychopharmacology Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.alcohol.2016.03.003","article-title":"Dysregulation of the cortisol diurnal rhythm following prenatal alcohol exposure and early life adversity","volume":"53","author":"McLachlan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Alcohol"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.201200077","article-title":"Folate, Alcohol, and Liver Disease","volume":"57","author":"Medici","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/srep25474","article-title":"Cell freezing protocol suitable for ATAC-Seq on motor neurons derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells","volume":"2016","author":"Milani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Publ. Gr."},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg3405","article-title":"From promises to practical strategies in epigenetic epidemiology","volume":"14","author":"Mill","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Genet."},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1534\/genetics.113.151381","article-title":"Genome-wide variation of cytosine modifications between European and African populations and the implications for complex traits","volume":"194","author":"Moen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2013.01.003","article-title":"Alcohol modulates expression of DNA methyltranferases and methyl CpG-\/CpG domain-binding proteins in murine embryonic fibroblasts","volume":"37","author":"Mukhopadhyay","year":"2013","journal-title":"Reprod. Toxicol."},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.13006","article-title":"CB1-receptor knockout neonatal mice are protected against ethanol-induced impairments of DNMT1, DNMT3A, and DNA methylation","volume":"132","author":"Nagre","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4080","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.02168-07","article-title":"DEC1 modulates the circadian phase of clock gene expression","volume":"28","author":"Nakashima","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biol."},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R613","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00075.2015","article-title":"Prenatal alcohol exposure alters methyl metabolism and programs serotonin transporter and glucocorticoid receptor expression in brain","volume":"309","author":"Ngai","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-0512-6_3","article-title":"edgeR for Differential RNA-seq and ChIP-seq analysis: an application to stem cell biology","volume":"1150","author":"Nikolayeva","year":"2014","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol."},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.01107","article-title":"Lifelong impacts of moderate prenatal alcohol exposure on neuroimmune function","volume":"9","author":"Noor","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1757","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2010.10.013","article-title":"Sensitivity to the depressogenic effect of stress and HPA-axis reactivity in adolescence: a review of gender differences","volume":"35","author":"Oldehinkel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1873","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.916601","article-title":"CREating a SCAP-less liver keeps SREBPs pinned in the ER membrane and prevents increased lipid synthesis in response to low cholesterol and high insulin","volume":"15","author":"Osborne","year":"2001","journal-title":"Genes Dev."},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1701","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2012.01784.x","article-title":"Choline supplementation and DNA methylation in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex of rats exposed to alcohol during development","volume":"36","author":"Otero","year":"2012","journal-title":"Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.alcohol.2017.01.006","article-title":"DNA Methylation program in normal and alcohol-induced thinning cortex","volume":"60","author":"\u00d6zt\u00fcrk","year":"2017","journal-title":"Alcohol"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2010.02.002","article-title":"Characterization of a family with rare deletions in CNTNAP5 and DOCK4 suggests novel risk loci for autism and dyslexia","volume":"68","author":"Pagnamenta","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2016.04.017","article-title":"Structural and molecular brain sexual differences: a tool to understand sex differences in health and disease","volume":"67","author":"Panzica","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.3109\/09638237.2011.577113","article-title":"Mental health issues in fetal alcohol spectrum disorder","volume":"20","author":"Pei","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Ment. Heal."},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1652","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.080721.108","article-title":"MEDME: an experimental and analytical methodology for the estimation of DNA methylation levels based on microarray derived MeDIP-enrichment","volume":"18","author":"Pelizzola","year":"2008","journal-title":"Genome Res."},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdevneu.2013.03.010","article-title":"Alcohol exposure during development: Impact on the epigenome","volume":"31","author":"Perkins","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Dev. Neurosci."},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.siny.2006.12.001","article-title":"Neuropharmacology of drugs and alcohol in mother and fetus","volume":"12","author":"Pollard","year":"2007","journal-title":"Semin. Fetal Neonatal Med."},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1186\/S13072-016-0074-4","article-title":"DNA methylation signature of human fetal alcohol spectrum disorder","volume":"9","author":"Portales-Casamar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Epigenet. Chromatin"},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"RA215","DOI":"10.12659\/MSM.881925","article-title":"Dopamine D4 receptor gene DRD4 and its association with psychiatric disorders","volume":"17","author":"Pt\u00e1cek","year":"2011","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Monit."},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btq033","article-title":"BEDTools: A flexible suite of utilities for comparing genomic features","volume":"26","author":"Quinlan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg3000","article-title":"Epigenome-wide association studies for common human diseases","volume":"12","author":"Rakyan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Genet."},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1093\/jpepsy\/21.6.833","article-title":"Effect of prenatal alcohol and cigarette exposure on two- and six-month-old infants' adrenocortical reactivity to stress","volume":"21","author":"Ramsay","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Psychol."},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.2933","article-title":"Gain-of-function mutations in IFIH1 cause a spectrum of human disease phenotypes associated with upregulated type I interferon signaling","volume":"46","author":"Rice","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1007\/s11065-011-9166-x","article-title":"Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders: an overview","volume":"21","author":"Riley","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuropsychol. Rev."},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btp616","article-title":"EdgeR: a Bioconductor package for differential expression analysis of digital gene expression data","volume":"26","author":"Robinson","year":"","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1719","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.110601.110","article-title":"Evaluation of affinity-based genome-wide DNA methylation data: effects of CpG density, amplification bias, and copy number variation","volume":"20","author":"Robinson","year":"","journal-title":"Genome Res."},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.13007","article-title":"Meta-analysis of gene expression patterns in animal models of prenatal alcohol exposure suggests role for protein synthesis inhibition and chromatin remodeling","volume":"40","author":"Rogic","year":"2016","journal-title":"Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"862","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2016.01.010","article-title":"Genetic risk factors for the posterior cortical atrophy variant of Alzheimer's disease","volume":"12","author":"Schott","year":"2016","journal-title":"Alzheimer's Dement."},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(03)03329-8","article-title":"Prenatal exposure to alcohol alters the light response in postnatal circadian rhythm","volume":"987","author":"Sei","year":"2003","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2202-9-29","article-title":"Plasmalemmal Vesicle Associated Protein-1 (PV-1) is a marker of blood-brain barrier disruption in rodent models","volume":"9","author":"Shue","year":"2008","journal-title":"BMC Neurosci."},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10442","article-title":"CTCF-promoted RNA polymerase II pausing links DNA methylation to splicing","volume":"479","author":"Shukla","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1003433","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1003433","article-title":"Coordinated cell type-specific epigenetic remodeling in prefrontal cortex begins before birth and continues into early adulthood","volume":"9","author":"Shulha","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS Genet."},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1097\/00125817-200205000-00004","article-title":"Hypercholesterolemia in children with Smith-Magenis syndrome: del (17)(p11.2p11.2)","volume":"4","author":"Smith","year":"2002","journal-title":"Genet. Med."},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg3354","article-title":"DNA methylation: roles in mammalian development","volume":"14","author":"Smith","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Genet."},{"key":"B122","unstructured":"StarkR. BrownG. DiffBind: Differential Binding Analysis of ChIP-Seq Peak Data2011"},{"key":"B123","volume-title":"PWMEnrich: PWM Enrichment Analysis","author":"Stojnic","year":"2013"},{"key":"B124","volume-title":"Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: Diagnosis, Epidemiology, Prevention and Treatment","author":"Stratton","year":"1996"},{"key":"B125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2013.11.043","article-title":"Ethanol induced acetylation of histone at G9a exon1 and G9a-mediated histone H3 dimethylation leads to neurodegeneration in neonatal mice","volume":"258","author":"Subbanna","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"B126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2013.01.022","article-title":"G9a-mediated histone methylation regulates ethanol-induced neurodegeneration in the neonatal mouse brain","volume":"54","author":"Subbanna","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"key":"B127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0029-1237427","article-title":"Developmental origins of health and disease: environmental exposures","volume":"27","author":"Swanson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Semin. Reprod. Med."},{"key":"B128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2012.012","article-title":"Methylome analysis using MeDIP-seq with low DNA concentrations","volume":"7","author":"Taiwo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Protoc."},{"key":"B129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1016\/0959-437X(93)90027-M","article-title":"Effects of DNA methylation on DNA-binding proteins and gene expression","volume":"3","author":"Tate","year":"1993","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev."},{"key":"B130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2005.09.011","article-title":"Functions and regulations of fibroblast growth factor signaling during embryonic development","volume":"287","author":"Thisse","year":"2005","journal-title":"Dev. Biol."},{"key":"B131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yhbeh.2010.08.007","article-title":"Prenatal alcohol exposure reduces the proportion of newly produced neurons and glia in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus in female rats","volume":"58","author":"Uban","year":"2010","journal-title":"Horm. Behav."},{"key":"B132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1186\/s13072-015-0031-7","article-title":"Dose-dependent alcohol-induced alterations in chromatin structure persist beyond the window of exposure and correlate with fetal alcohol syndrome birth defects","volume":"8","author":"Veazey","year":"2015","journal-title":"Epigenetics Chromatin"},{"key":"B133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5500","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/dds394","article-title":"Genome-wide DNA hydroxymethylation changes are associated with neurodevelopmental genes in the developing human cerebellum","volume":"21","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"B134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2826.2008.01669.x","article-title":"Prenatal alcohol exposure: foetal programming, the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and sex differences in outcome","volume":"20","author":"Weinberg","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Neuroendocrinol."},{"key":"B135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.12284","article-title":"Inappropriate feeding behaviors and dietary intakes in children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder or probable prenatal alcohol exposure","volume":"38","author":"Werts","year":"2014","journal-title":"Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"B136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.3389\/fnint.2015.00065","article-title":"Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders: an overview from the glia perspective","volume":"9","author":"Wilhelm","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Integr. Neurosci."},{"key":"B137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1256898","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1256898","article-title":"The specificity of vesicle traffic to the Golgi is encoded in the golgin coiled-coil proteins","volume":"346","author":"Wong","year":"2014","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2350-15-2","article-title":"Genome-wide association study of bipolar disorder in Canadian and UK populations corroborates disease loci including SYNE1 and CSMD1","volume":"15","author":"Xu","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Med. Genet."},{"key":"B139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-018-0208-4","article-title":"Sex differences in hippocampal cognition and neurogenesis","volume":"44","author":"Yagi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"B140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eaaj2239","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaj2239","article-title":"Impact of cytosine methylation on DNA binding specificities of human transcription factors","volume":"356","author":"Yin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-8935-4-7","article-title":"Extensive epigenetic reprogramming in human somatic tissues between fetus and adult","volume":"4","author":"Yuen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Epigenet. Chromatin"},{"key":"B142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1819","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/28.8.1819","article-title":"Genomic organization of human GMEB-1 and rat GMEB-2: structural conservation of two multifunctional proteins","volume":"28","author":"Zeng","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"B143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1186\/s13072-015-0032-6","article-title":"Prenatal ethanol exposure alters adult hippocampal VGLUT2 expression with concomitant changes in promoter DNA methylation, H3K4 trimethylation and miR-467b-5p levels","volume":"8","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Epigenet. Chromat."},{"key":"B144","unstructured":"Significant differences in global genomic DNA methylation by gender and race\/ethnicity in peripheral blood623629 ZhangF. F. CardarelliR. CarrollJ. FuldaK. G. KaurM. GonzalezK. 21739720Epigenetics62011"},{"key":"B145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E108","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2012.01928.x","article-title":"Array-based profiling of DNA methylation changes associated with alcohol dependence","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"B146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1177\/15353702-0323006-05","article-title":"Prenatal alcohol exposure and fetal programming: effects on neuroendocrine and immune function","volume":"230","author":"Zhang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Exp. Biol. Med. (Maywood)."},{"key":"B147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R137","DOI":"10.1186\/gb-2008-9-9-r137","article-title":"Model-based analysis of ChIP-Seq (MACS)","volume":"9","author":"Zhang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Genome Biol."},{"key":"B148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2010.01391.x","article-title":"Alcohol Alters DNA Methylation Patterns and Inhibits Neural Stem Cell Differentiation","volume":"35","author":"Zhou","year":"2011","journal-title":"Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"B149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12433","article-title":"Charting a dynamic DNA methylation landscape of the human genome","volume":"500","author":"Ziller","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00216014","article-title":"The development of thermoregulation after prenatal exposure to alcohol in rats","volume":"91","author":"Zimmerberg","year":"1987","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology (Berl)."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Genetics"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/article\/10.3389\/fgene.2018.00610\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,7]],"date-time":"2022-09-07T13:14:38Z","timestamp":1662556478000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/article\/10.3389\/fgene.2018.00610\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,4]]},"references-count":150,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fgene.2018.00610"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fgene.2018.00610","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-8021"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-8021","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,4]]},"article-number":"610"}}