{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T13:49:40Z","timestamp":1791985780063,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":135,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,23]],"date-time":"2020-12-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1608681600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Genet."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Innovations in the breeding and management of pigs are needed to improve the performance and welfare of animals raised in social groups, and in particular to minimise biting and damage to group mates. Depending on the context, social interactions between pigs can be frequent or infrequent, aggressive, or non-aggressive. Injuries or emotional distress may follow. The behaviours leading to damage to conspecifics include progeny savaging, tail, ear or vulva biting, and excessive aggression. In combination with changes in husbandry practices designed to improve living conditions, refined methods of genetic selection may be a solution reducing these behaviours. Knowledge gaps relating to lack of data and limits in statistical analyses have been identified. The originality of this paper lies in its proposal of several statistical methods for common use in analysing and predicting unwanted behaviours, and for genetic use in the breeding context. We focus on models of interaction reflecting the identity and behaviour of group mates which can be applied directly to damaging traits, social network analysis to define new and more integrative traits, and capture-recapture analysis to replace missing data by estimating the probability of behaviours. We provide the rationale for each method and suggest they should be combined for a more accurate estimation of the variation underlying damaging behaviours.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2020.611073","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,23]],"date-time":"2020-12-23T09:00:29Z","timestamp":1608714029000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Prospects for the Analysis and Reduction of Damaging Behaviour in Group-Housed Livestock, With Application to Pig Breeding"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Laurianne","family":"Canario","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Piter","family":"Bijma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ingrid","family":"David","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irene","family":"Camerlink","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandre","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wendy Mercedes","family":"Rauw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lo\u00efc","family":"Flatres-Grall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisette van der","family":"Zande","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simon P.","family":"Turner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catherine","family":"Larzul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lotta","family":"Rydhmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1111\/jbg.12163","article-title":"Estimation of indirect genetic effects in group-housed mink (Neovison vison) should account for systematic interactions either due to kin or sex","volume":"133","author":"Alemu","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Anim. Breed. Genet."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1038\/hdy.2014.38","article-title":"On the definition and utilization of heritable variation among hosts in reproduction ratio R0 for infectious diseases","volume":"113","author":"Anche","year":"2014","journal-title":"Heredity"},{"key":"B3","first-page":"128","article-title":"Effect of group size and structure on the welfare and performance of pregnant sows in pens with electronic sow feeders","volume":"70","author":"Anil","year":"2006","journal-title":"Can. J. Vet. Res"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1234","DOI":"10.1017\/S1751731116000045","article-title":"Genetic associations between maternal traits and aggressive behaviour in Large White sows","volume":"10","author":"Appel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Animal"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1103","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2009.0221","article-title":"Recent advances in the analysis of behavioural organization and interpretation as indicators of animal welfare","volume":"6","author":"Asher","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. R. Soc. Interface"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2010.11.020","article-title":"Genetic and environmental effects on piglet survival and maternal behaviour of the farrowing sow","volume":"130","author":"Baxter","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1559","DOI":"10.1534\/genetics.107.084236","article-title":"The contribution of social effects to heritable variation in finishing traits of domestic pigs (Sus scrofa)","volume":"178","author":"Bergsma","year":"2008","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3601","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2012-6200","article-title":"Genetic correlations between lactation performance and growing-finishing traits in pigs","volume":"91","author":"Bergsma","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1186\/s12711-017-0327-0","article-title":"A model to estimate effects of SNPs on host susceptibility and infectivity for an endemic infectious disease","volume":"49","author":"Biemans","year":"2017","journal-title":"Genet. Sel. Evol"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1186\/s12711-019-0505-3ff","article-title":"Genetic parameters and genomic breeding values for digital dermatitis in Holstein Friesian dairy cattle: host susceptibility, infectivity and the basic reproduction ratio","volume":"51","author":"Biemans","year":"2019","journal-title":"Genet. Sel. Evol"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1534\/genetics.110.120485","article-title":"Multilevel selection 4: modeling the relationship of indirect genetic effects and group size","volume":"186","author":"Bijma","year":"2010","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1038\/hdy.2013.15","article-title":"The quantitative genetics of indirect genetic effects: a selective review of modelling issues","volume":"112","author":"Bijma","year":"2014","journal-title":"Heredity"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1534\/genetics.106.062711","article-title":"Multilevel selection 1: quantitative genetics of inheritance and response to selection","volume":"175","author":"Bijma","year":"2007","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.15226\/2381-2907\/1\/1\/00105","article-title":"The amount of straw for growing-finishing pigs considering the reduction of time spent in manipulative behavior","volume":"1","author":"Bodin","year":"2015","journal-title":"SOJ. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1186\/1297-9686-4-1-117","article-title":"Genotype \u00d7 environment interactions","volume":"4","author":"Bowman","year":"1972","journal-title":"Ann. Genet. Sel. Anim."},{"key":"B16","unstructured":"BrackeM. B. M. RodenburgT. B. VermeerH. M. van NiekerT. G. C. M. Towards a Common Conceptual Framework and Illustrative Model for Feather Pecking in Poultry and Tail Biting in Pigs\u2013Connecting Science to Solutions2018"},{"key":"B17","volume-title":"Technical Committee to Enquire Into the Welfare of Animals Kept Under Intensive Livestock Husbandry","author":"Brambell","year":"1965"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1591(03)00147-3","article-title":"The effect of breed on the development of adverse social behaviours in pigs","volume":"84","author":"Breuer","year":"2003","journal-title":"Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.livprodsci.2004.11.009","article-title":"Heritability of clinical tail-biting and its relation to performance traits","volume":"93","author":"Breuer","year":"2005","journal-title":"Livest. Prod. Sci."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1079\/9781845932879.0000","volume-title":"Domestic Animal Behaviour and Welfare","author":"Broom","year":"2007"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e66513","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0066513","article-title":"Behavioural and brain gene expression profiling in pigs during tail biting outbreaks\u2013evidence of a tail biting resistant phenotype","volume":"8","author":"Brunberg","year":"","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1111\/gbb.12002","article-title":"Brain gene expression differences are associated with abnormal tail biting behavior in pigs","volume":"12","author":"Brunberg","year":"","journal-title":"Genes. Brain Behav."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2011.04.019","article-title":"Tail biting in fattening pigs: associations between frequency of tail biting and other abnormal behaviours","volume":"133","author":"Brunberg","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2016.00057","article-title":"Omnivores going astray: a review and new synthesis of abnormal behavior in pigs and laying hens","volume":"3","author":"Brunberg","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3783","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2015-9111","article-title":"Social genetic effects influence reproductive performance of grouphoused sows","volume":"93","author":"Bunter","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.3390\/ani9110929","article-title":"Agonistic interactions in pigs\u2013comparison of dominance indices with parameters derived from social network analysis in three age groups","volume":"9","author":"B\u00fcttner","year":"2019","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2015.04.017","article-title":"Network characteristics and development of social structure of agonistic behaviour in pigs across three repeated rehousing and mixing events","volume":"168","author":"B\u00fcttner","year":"","journal-title":"Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1186\/s40064-015-0963-1","article-title":"Social network analysis\u2013centrality parameters and individual network positions of agonistic behavior in pigs over three different age levels","volume":"4","author":"B\u00fcttner","year":"","journal-title":"Springerplus"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1007\/s10519-014-9671-9","article-title":"Indirect genetic effects for growth rate in domestic pigs alter aggressive and manipulative biting behaviour","volume":"45","author":"Camerlink","year":"2015","journal-title":"Behav. Genet."},{"key":"B30","article-title":"\u201cGenetics of tail-biting receipt in gilts from the Tai Zumu line,\u201d in","volume-title":"Proceedings of the World Congress on Genetics Applied to Livestock Production","author":"Canario","year":"2018"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1038\/hdy.2017.3","article-title":"The early-life environment of a pig shapes the phenotypes of its social partners in adulthood","volume":"118","author":"Canario","year":"2017","journal-title":"Heredity"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1017\/S1751731112001978","article-title":"Genetics of behavioural adaptation of livestock to farming conditions","volume":"7","author":"Canario","year":"2013","journal-title":"Animal"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4706","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2012-5392","article-title":"Genetic associations between behavioral traits and direct-social effects of growth rate in pigs","volume":"90","author":"Canario","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e14753","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0014753","article-title":"Hidden markov model analysis of maternal behavior patterns in inbred and reciprocal hybrid mice","volume":"6","author":"Carola","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2007.02.008","article-title":"Maternal infanticide in sows: Incidence and behavioural comparisons between savaging and non-savaging sows at parturition","volume":"109","author":"Chen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.3390\/ani9080582","article-title":"Multi-step tail biting outbreak intervention protocols for pigs housed on slatted floors","volume":"9","author":"Chou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1186\/s40813-018-0103-8","article-title":"Phasing out pig tail docking in the EU\u2013present state, challenges and possibilities","volume":"4","author":"De Briyne","year":"2018","journal-title":"Porcine Health Manage."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1086\/285752","article-title":"Phenotypic plasticity as a product of selection in a variable environment","volume":"145","author":"de Jong","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am. Nat."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1017\/S1751731109991406","article-title":"Pigs' aggressive temperament affects pre-slaughter mixing aggression, stress and meat quality","volume":"4","author":"D'Eath","year":"2010","journal-title":"Animal"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1479","DOI":"10.1017\/S1751731114001359","article-title":"Injurious tail biting in pigs: how can it be controlled in existing systems without tail docking?","volume":"8","author":"D'Eath","year":"2014","journal-title":"Animal"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0194524","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0194524","article-title":"Automatic early warning of tail biting in pigs: 3D cameras can detect lowered tail posture before an outbreak","volume":"13","author":"D'Eath","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1017\/S1751731115002098","article-title":"Why are most EU pigs tail docked? Economic and ethical analysis of four pig housing and management scenarios in the light of EU legislation and animal welfare outcomes","volume":"10","author":"D'Eath","year":"2016","journal-title":"Animal"},{"key":"B43","first-page":"73","article-title":"Mixed hidden markov model for heterogeneous longitudinal data with missingness and errors in the outcome variable","volume":"155","author":"Dedieu","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Soc. Fran\u00e7. Stat."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3303","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2014-8823","article-title":"Genetic associations of short- and long-term aggressiveness identified by skin lesions with growth, feed efficiency, and carcass characteristics in growing pigs","volume":"93","author":"Desire","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(94)77020-X","article-title":"Statistical analysis of length of productive life for dairy cows of the normande breed","volume":"77","author":"Ducrocq","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"B46","unstructured":"DuijvesteijnN. Ph.D. ThesisSociable swine: prospects of indirect genetic effects for the improvement of productivity, welfare and quality2014"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2014.00377","article-title":"The prospects of selection for social genetic effects to improve welfare and productivity in livestock","volume":"5","author":"Ellen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Genet."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2007.611","article-title":"The risks associated with tail biting in pigs and possible means to reduce the need for tail docking considering the different housing and husbandry systems\u2013scientific opinion of the panel on animal health and welfare","volume":"5","author":"European Food Safety","year":"2007","journal-title":"EFSA J."},{"key":"B49","first-page":"45","article-title":"Council Directive 2008\/120\/EC of 18 December 2008 laying down minimum standards for the protection of pigs (codified version)","volume":"47","year":"2009","journal-title":"Off. J. Eur. Union L"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1144","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2656.12418","article-title":"Constructing, conducting and interpreting animal social network analysis","volume":"84","author":"Farine","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Anim. Ecol."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2088","DOI":"10.1111\/jeb.13195","article-title":"Social traits, social networks and evolutionary biology","volume":"30","author":"Fisher","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Evol. Biol"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04326","article-title":"Policing stabilizes construction of social niches in primates","volume":"439","author":"Flack","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0205122","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0205122","article-title":"Social network properties predict chronic aggression in commercial pig systems","volume":"13","author":"Foister","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3762(84)90041-5","article-title":"The role of behaviour in swine production: a review of research","volume":"11","author":"Fraser","year":"1984","journal-title":"Appl. Anim. Ethol."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-1591(87)90008-6","article-title":"Attraction to blood as a factor in tail-biting by pigs","volume":"17","author":"Fraser","year":"1987","journal-title":"Appl. Anim. Behav"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-1591(91)90135-K","article-title":"Effect of straw on the behaviour of growing pigs","volume":"30","author":"Fraser","year":"1991","journal-title":"Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.livsci.2007.04.006","article-title":"Genetic parameters for maternal behaviour traits in sows","volume":"114","author":"G\u00e4de","year":"2008","journal-title":"Livestock Sci."},{"key":"B58","first-page":"263","article-title":"Endocrine regulation of periparturient behaviour in pigs","volume":"58","author":"Gilbert","year":"2001","journal-title":"Reprod. Suppl."},{"key":"B59","unstructured":"GilmourA. R. GogelB. J. CullisB. R. WelhamS. J. ThompsonR. 2015"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tpb.2012.02.001","article-title":"Estimating demographic parameters using hidden process dynamic models","volume":"82","author":"Gimenez","year":"2012","journal-title":"Theor. Popul. Biol."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1108\/13673270210417664","article-title":"Managing effective knowledge transfer: an integrative framework and some practice implications","volume":"6","author":"Goh","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Knowl. Manage."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1017\/S0962728600031961","article-title":"A population-based on-farm evaluation protocol for comparing the welfare of pigs between farms","volume":"17","author":"Goossens","year":"2008","journal-title":"Anim. Welf."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-6226(03)00095-2","article-title":"Genetic analysis of on-farm tests of maternal behaviour in sows","volume":"83","author":"Grandinson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Livest. Prod. Sci."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1071\/BI9670127","article-title":"Selection in reference to biological groups. I. Individual and group selection applied to populations of unordered groups","volume":"20","author":"Griffing","year":"1967","journal-title":"Aust. J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1591(01)00197-6","article-title":"Behaviour of two genotypes of growing-finishing pig in three different housing systems","volume":"75","author":"Guy","year":"2002","journal-title":"Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1591(01)00160-5","article-title":"Parturient behaviour and offspring-directed aggression in farmed wild boar of three genetic lines","volume":"74","author":"Harris","year":"2001","journal-title":"Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1281","DOI":"10.1017\/S1751731108002516","article-title":"Genetic aspects regarding piglet losses and the maternal behaviour of sows. Part 2. Genetic relationship between maternal behaviour in sows and piglet mortality","volume":"2","author":"Hellbr\u00fcgge","year":"2008","journal-title":"Animal"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1591(97)00116-0","article-title":"Environmental enrichment influences on pig behavior, performance and meat quality","volume":"57","author":"Hill","year":"1998","journal-title":"Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1292","DOI":"10.21451\/1984-3143-AR946","article-title":"Reproductive performance of sows selected for divergent social genetic effects for growth","volume":"14","author":"Hong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anim. Reprod."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1351","DOI":"10.1017\/S1751731116000215","article-title":"Temporal stability of personality traits in group-housed gestating sows","volume":"10","author":"Horback","year":"2016","journal-title":"Animal"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1080\/09064709509413086","article-title":"Well-being in pregnant sows: confinement versus group housing with electronic sow feeding","volume":"45","author":"Jensen","year":"1995","journal-title":"Acta Agricult. Scand. A Anim. Sci."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1086\/279202","article-title":"The Genotype Conception of Heredity","volume":"45","author":"Johannsen","year":"1911","journal-title":"Am. Nat."},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0388.1985.tb00689.x","article-title":"Gene action and maternal effects on social ranking and its relationship with production traits in pigs","volume":"102","author":"Jonsson","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Anim. Breed. Genet."},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"920","DOI":"10.3390\/genes11080920","article-title":"Omics application in animal science\u2014a special emphasis on stress response and damaging behaviour in pigs","volume":"11","author":"Kasper","year":"2020","journal-title":"Genes"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.3184\/003685016X14495640902331","article-title":"Animal welfare: a social networks perspective","volume":"99","author":"Kleinhappel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Prog."},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/0301-6226(87)90061-3","article-title":"A note on the genetics of aggressiveness of primiparous sows towards their piglets","volume":"17","author":"Knap","year":"1987","journal-title":"Livest. Prod. Sci."},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2336","DOI":"10.1890\/11-2241.1","article-title":"Flexible and practical modeling of animal telemetry data: hidden Markov models and extensions","volume":"93","author":"Langrock","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1080\/02664760120108638","article-title":"Multistate recapture models: modelling incomplete individual histories","volume":"29","author":"Lebreton","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Appl. Stat."},{"key":"B79","article-title":"An introduction to animal movement modeling with hidden markov models using stan for bayesian inference","author":"Leos-Barajas","year":"2018","journal-title":"arXiv"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.3390\/ani8010013","article-title":"Understanding tail-biting in pigs through social network analysis","volume":"8","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e39551","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0039551","article-title":"Indirect genetic effects and the spread of infectious disease: are we capturing the full heritable variation underlying disease prevalence?","volume":"7","author":"Lipschutz-Powell","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1186\/1297-9686-46-15","article-title":"A unifying theory for genetic epidemiological analysis of binary disease data","volume":"46","author":"Lipschutz-Powell","year":"2014","journal-title":"Genet. Select. Evol."},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.livprodsci.2004.11.008","article-title":"Aggressive behaviour of sows at mixing and maternal behaviour are heritable and genetically correlated traits","volume":"93","author":"L\u00f8vendahl","year":"2005","journal-title":"Livestock Prod. Sci."},{"key":"B84","first-page":"123","article-title":"Aggression and stimulus-directed activities in two breeds of finishing pig","volume":"45","author":"Lund","year":"2000","journal-title":"Pig. J."},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.livsci.2009.12.002","article-title":"Genetic analysis of reproductive performance in landrace sows and its correlation to piglet growth","volume":"128","author":"Lundgren","year":"2010","journal-title":"Livest. Sci"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2012.02.003","article-title":"How can social network analysis contribute to social behavior research in applied ethology?","volume":"138","author":"Makagon","year":"2012","journal-title":"Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1093\/beheco\/aru171","article-title":"Using mixed hidden Markov models to examine behavioral states in a cooperatively breeding bird","volume":"26","author":"McKellar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Behav. Ecol."},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-3472(73)80074-0","article-title":"The establishment and nature of the dominance hierarchy in the domesticated pig","volume":"21","author":"Meese","year":"1973","journal-title":"Anim. Behav."},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1591(02)00276-9","article-title":"A case control study of on-farm risk factors for tail biting in pigs","volume":"81","author":"Moinard","year":"2003","journal-title":"Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1352","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1558-5646.1997.tb01458.x","article-title":"Interacting phenotypes and the evolutionary process: I. direct and indirect genetic effects of social interactions","volume":"51","author":"Moore","year":"1997","journal-title":"Evolution"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1247","DOI":"10.1534\/genetics.104.035956","article-title":"Incorporation of competitive effects in forest tree or animal breeding programs","volume":"170","author":"Muir","year":"2005","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"056131","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevE.70.056131","article-title":"Analysis of weighted networks","volume":"70","author":"Newman","year":"2004","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. E"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2013.09.015","article-title":"Analysis of aggressive behaviours of pigs by automatic video recordings","volume":"99","author":"Oczak","year":"2013","journal-title":"Comp. Electr. Agric"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2018.03.003","article-title":"The translation of animal welfare research into practice: the case of mixing aggression between pigs","volume":"204","author":"Peden","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1186\/s12711-020-00578-y","article-title":"Prediction of genetic merit for growth rate in pigs using animal models with indirect genetic effects and genomic information","volume":"52","author":"Poulsen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Genet. Sel. Evol."},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.32800\/abc.2005.28.0189","article-title":"Principles and interest of GOF tests for multistate capture-recapture models","volume":"28","author":"Pradel","year":"2005","journal-title":"Anim. Biodivers. Conserv."},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.2307\/2533097","article-title":"Capture-recapture survival models taking account of transients","volume":"53","author":"Pradel","year":"1997","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1017\/S1751731119001940","article-title":"Early life predisposing factors for biting in pigs","volume":"14","author":"Prunier","year":"2019","journal-title":"Animal"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"862","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.b.30529","article-title":"Porcine maternal infanticide as a model for puerperal psychosis","author":"Quilter","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Med. Genet. B Neuropsychiatr. Genet."},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1017\/S1751731118001192","article-title":"Indirect genetic effect model using feeding behaviour traits to define the degree of interaction between mates: an implementation in pigs growth rate","volume":"13","author":"Ragab","year":"2019","journal-title":"Animal"},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2017.00134","article-title":"A hypothesis and review of the relationship between selection for improved production efficiency, coping behavior, and domestication","volume":"8","author":"Rauw","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Genet."},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.143.24.654","article-title":"Risk factors for vulva biting in breeding sows in south-west England","volume":"143","author":"Rizvi","year":"1998","journal-title":"Vet. Record"},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1017\/S0962728600022740","article-title":"A descriptive survey of the range of injuries sustained and farmers' attitudes to vulva biting in breeding sows in South-West England","volume":"9","author":"Rizvi","year":"2000","journal-title":"Anim. Welfare"},{"key":"B104","article-title":"\u201cReduce damaging behaviour in laying hens and pigs by developing sensor technologies to inform breeding programs,\u201d","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 53rd Congress of the International Society for Applied Ethology (ISAE): Animal Lives Worth Living","author":"Rodenburg","year":"2019"},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-394586-0.00011-1","article-title":"\u201cChapter 11\u2013behavioral genetics in pigs and relations to welfare,\u201d","volume-title":"Genetics and the Behavior of Domestic Animals, 2nd Edn.","author":"Rydhmer","year":"2014"},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1017\/S0021859616000010","article-title":"Estimation of genetic parameters for agonistic behaviour of pigs at different ages","volume":"154","author":"Scheffler","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Agricult. Sci."},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1098\/rsfs.2011.0077","article-title":"On the application of mixed hidden Markov models to multiple behavioural time series","volume":"2","author":"Schliehe-Diecks","year":"2012","journal-title":"Interface Focus"},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1111\/brv.12267","article-title":"Social structure and indirect genetic effects: genetics of social behaviour","volume":"92","author":"Schneider","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biol. Rev. Camb. Philos. Soc."},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4135\/9781529716597","author":"Scott","year":"2017","journal-title":"Social Network Analysis. SAGE Publications."},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/60.Special_Issue_1.65","article-title":"Social context in gene-environment interactions: retrospect and prospect","volume":"1","author":"Shanahan","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. Series B"},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2012.01.011","article-title":"A social network perspective on measurements of dominance hierarchies","volume":"83","author":"Shizuka","year":"2012","journal-title":"Anim. Behav."},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.livsci.2011.09.019","article-title":"Tail biting and production performance in fattening pigs","volume":"143","author":"Sinisalo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Livest. Sci."},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1017\/S0962728600031997","article-title":"Tail and ear biting lesions in pigs: an epidemiological study","volume":"17","author":"Smulders","year":"2008","journal-title":"Anim. Welfare"},{"key":"B114","article-title":"\u201cModelling intensity of interaction to estimate direct and indirect genetic effects,\u201d In: Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on the Assessment of Animal Welfare at Farm and Group Level","author":"Steibel","year":"2017"},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R709","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2013.07.059","article-title":"Visual sensory networks and effective information transfer in animal groups","volume":"23","author":"Strandburg-Peshkin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/J.LIVSCI.2012.06.020","article-title":"Heritabilities of agonistic behavioural traits in pigs and their relationships within and between different age groups","volume":"149","author":"Stukenborg","year":"2012","journal-title":"Livest. Sci."},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2009.08.028","article-title":"Tail-biting: A new perspective","volume":"186","author":"Taylor","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2012.03.004","article-title":"Prevalence of risk factors for tail biting on commercial farms and intervention strategies","volume":"194","author":"Taylor","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3076","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2008-1558","article-title":"Genetic validation of postmixing skin injuries in pigs as an indicator of aggressiveness and the relationship with injuries under more stable social conditions","volume":"87","author":"Turner","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1079\/ASC200678","article-title":"Heritability of post-mixing aggressiveness in grower-stage pigs and its relationship with production traits","volume":"82","author":"Turner","year":"2006","journal-title":"Anim. Sci."},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2014.04.001","article-title":"Tail biting behaviour and tail damage in pigs and the relationship with general behaviour: predicting the inevitable?","volume":"156","author":"Ursinus","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.2527\/jas1988.662271x","article-title":"Aggressive behavior of sows at parturition","volume":"66","author":"van der Steen","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1016\/S0007-1935(17)48710-0","article-title":"An Investigation into tail-biting among fattening pigs","volume":"125","author":"van Putten","year":"1969","journal-title":"Br. Vet. J."},{"key":"B124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1186\/s13620-018-0121-5","article-title":"Prevalence of welfare outcomes in the weaner and finisher stages of the production cycle on 31 Irish pig farms","volume":"71","author":"van Staaveren","year":"2018","journal-title":"Irish Vet. J."},{"key":"B125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.livprodsci.2004.11.007","article-title":"Genetic variation in sows' maternal behaviour, recorded under field conditions","volume":"93","author":"Vangen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Livest. Prod. Sci."},{"key":"B126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2656.13177","article-title":"Exploring movement decisions: can Bayesian movement-state models explain crop consumption behaviour in elephants (Loxodonta africana)","volume":"89","author":"Vogel","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Anim. Ecol."},{"key":"B127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2879","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2012-5848","article-title":"Using data from electronic feeders on visit frequency and feed consumption to indicate tail biting outbreaks in commercial pig production","volume":"91","author":"Wallenbeck","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"B128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S201","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/174.Supplement_2.S201","article-title":"The dynamic topology of sexually transmitted disease epidemics: implications for prevention strategies","volume":"174","author":"Wasserheit","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511815478","volume-title":"Social Network Analysis: Methods and Applications","author":"Wasserman","year":"1994"},{"key":"B130","first-page":"46","volume":"2000","author":"Westin","year":"2000"},{"key":"B131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2007.06.020","article-title":"Social network analysis of animal behaviour: a promising tool for the study of sociality","volume":"75","author":"Wey","year":"2008","journal-title":"Anim. Behav."},{"key":"B132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1007\/s13353-012-0112-2","article-title":"Identification of chromosomal locations associated with tail biting and being a victim of tail-biting behaviour in the domestic pig (Sus scrofa domesticus)","volume":"53","author":"Wilson","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Appl. Genet."},{"key":"B133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0226669","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0226669","article-title":"Recording behaviour of indoor-housed farm animals automatically using machine vision technology: a systematic review","volume":"14","author":"Wurtz","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"B134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4310","DOI":"10.2527\/jas2017.1757","article-title":"Estimation of genetic parameters for lesion scores and growth traits in group-housed pigs","volume":"95","author":"Wurtz","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"B135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-1684(02)00378-X","article-title":"A hidden semi-Markov model with missing data and multiple observation sequences for mobility tracking","volume":"83","author":"Yu","year":"2003","journal-title":"Signal Proces"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Genetics"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fgene.2020.611073\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,16]],"date-time":"2023-10-16T02:30:58Z","timestamp":1697423458000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fgene.2020.611073\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,23]]},"references-count":135,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fgene.2020.611073"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fgene.2020.611073","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-8021"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-8021","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,23]]},"article-number":"611073"}}