{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T17:52:57Z","timestamp":1792691577581,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,10]],"date-time":"2022-11-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1668038400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100016386","name":"Conselleria de Innovaci\u00f3n, Universidades, Ciencia y Sociedad Digital, Generalitat Valenciana","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100016386","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008049","name":"Fundaci\u00f3n Banco Santander","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008049","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Genet."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Bacteriophages selectively infect and kill their target bacterial host, being a promising approach to controlling zoonotic bacteria in poultry production. To ensure confidence in its use, fundamental questions of safety and toxicity monitoring of phage therapy should be raised. Due to its high specificity, a minimal impact on the gut ecology is expected; however, more in-depth research into key parameters that influence the success of phage interventions has been needed to reach a consensus on the impact of bacteriophage therapy in the gut. In this context, this study aimed to investigate the interaction of phages with animals; more specifically, we compared the caecum microbiome and metabolome after a <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> phage challenge in <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>-free broilers, evaluating the role of the phage administration route. To this end, we employed 45 caecum content samples from a previous study where <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> phages were administered <jats:italic>via<\/jats:italic> drinking water or feed for 24\u00a0h from 4, 5 to 6-weeks-old broilers. High-throughput 16S rRNA gene sequencing showed a high level of similarity (beta diversity) but revealed a significant change in alpha diversity between broilers with <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>-phage administered in the drinking water and control. Our results showed that the phages affected only a few genera of the microbiota\u2019s structure, regardless of the administration route. Among these, we found a significant increase in <jats:italic>Streptococcus<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Sellimonas<\/jats:italic> in the drinking water and <jats:italic>Lactobacillus<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Anaeroplasma<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Clostridia_vadinBB60_group<\/jats:italic> in the feed. Nevertheless, the LC-HRMS-based metabolomics analyses revealed that despite few genera were significantly affected, a substantial number of metabolites, especially in the phage administered in the drinking water were significantly altered (64 and 14 in the drinking water and feed groups, respectively). Overall, our study shows that preventive therapy with bacteriophages minimally alters the caecal microbiota but significantly impacts their metabolites, regardless of the route of administration.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2022.1060713","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,10]],"date-time":"2022-11-10T09:06:43Z","timestamp":1668071203000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Examining the effects of Salmonella phage on the caecal microbiota and metabolome features in Salmonella-free broilers"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Laura","family":"Lorenzo-Rebenaque","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"Casto-Rebollo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gianfranco","family":"Diretto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Frusciante","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan Carlos","family":"Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda-Paz","family":"Ventero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carmen","family":"Molina-Pardines","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Santiago","family":"Vega","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clara","family":"Marin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francisco","family":"Marco-Jim\u00e9nez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1190","DOI":"10.3390\/ph14111190","article-title":"Metabolomics insights into inflammatory bowel disease: A comprehensive review","volume":"14","author":"Aldars-Garc\u00eda","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pharmaceuticals"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10771","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1305923110","article-title":"Bacteriophage adhering to mucus provide a non-host-derived immunity","volume":"110","author":"Barr","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. 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