{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T15:43:29Z","timestamp":1792597409567,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,21]],"date-time":"2022-03-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1647820800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Genet."],"abstract":"<jats:p>The Neotropical genus<jats:italic>Harttia<\/jats:italic>comprises species with extensive chromosomal remodeling and distinct sex chromosome systems (SCSs). So far, three different SCSs with male heterogamety have been characterized in the group. In some species, the presence of the XX\/XY<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>Y<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>SCS is associated with a decrease in diploid numbers and several chromosomal rearrangements, although a direct relation to sex chromosome differentiation has not been shown yet. Here, we aimed to investigate the differentiation processes that have led to the establishment of the rare XX\/XY<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>Y<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>SCS and track its evolutionary history among other<jats:italic>Harttia<\/jats:italic>species. For that, four whole chromosome painting probes derived from chromosome 1 of<jats:italic>H. torrenticola<\/jats:italic>(HTO-1), chromosomes 9 and X of<jats:italic>H. carvalhoi<\/jats:italic>(HCA-9 and HCA-X), and chromosome X from<jats:italic>H. intermontana<\/jats:italic>(HIN-X) were applied in nine<jats:italic>Harttia<\/jats:italic>species. Homeologous chromosome blocks were located in<jats:italic>Harttia<\/jats:italic>species and demonstrated that Robertsonian (Rb) fusions originated HTO-1, HCA-9, and HCA-X chromosomes, while Rb fissions explain Y<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>and Y<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>sex chromosomes. Specifically, in<jats:italic>H. intermontana<\/jats:italic>, HCA-X, HCA-9, and the NOR-bearing chromosome demonstrated that homeologous blocks were used in the HIN-X and metacentric pair 2 origins. Consequently, diploid numbers changed between the studied species. Overall, the data also reinforce the existence of unstable genomic sites promoting chromosomal differentiation and remodeling within the genus<jats:italic>Harttia<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2022.877522","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,22]],"date-time":"2022-03-22T21:23:06Z","timestamp":1647984186000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Chromosomal Rearrangements and Origin of the Multiple XX\/XY1Y2 Sex Chromosome System in Harttia Species (Siluriformes: Loricariidae)"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Geize Aparecida","family":"Deon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Larissa","family":"Glugoski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francisco de Menezes Cavalcante","family":"Sassi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Terumi","family":"Hatanaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Viviane","family":"Nogaroto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luiz Ant\u00f4nio Carlos","family":"Bertollo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Liehr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed","family":"Al-Rikabi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Orlando","family":"Moreira-Filho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcelo de Bello","family":"Cioffi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcelo Ricardo","family":"Vicari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1093\/jhered\/esu087","article-title":"A Unique Sex Chromosome System in the Knifefish Gymnotus Bahianus with Inferences about Chromosomal Evolution of Gymnotidae","volume":"106","author":"Almeida","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. 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