{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T01:14:17Z","timestamp":1789694057521,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,17]],"date-time":"2022-08-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1660694400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014510","name":"European Maritime and Fisheries Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014510","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Genet."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Assisted propagation of the European eel will lead to a closed production cycle supplying the aquaculture industry with juvenile glass eels. Females require long-term weekly treatment with pituitary extract (PE), which is stressful and causes abnormalities in oogenesis. We tested the effects of 17\u03b1-methyltestosterone (17\u00a0MT), as potent androgen activating the androgen receptor, and 17\u03b2-estradiol (E2), as an inducer of vitellogenesis, to shorten the duration of PE treatment.Four groups of feminized eels were subjected to a simulated migration and subsequent injection with implants containing 17\u00a0MT (17\u00a0MT-group), E2 (E2-group) or 17\u00a0MT plus E2 (17\u00a0MT + E2-group) to test for synergistic effects, or without any steroids as controls (C-group). The effects of a 2-months treatment were investigated by determining the eye index (EI), hepatosomatic and gonadosomatic index (HSI and GSI, respectively), plasma steroid concentrations by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LCMS), gonadal histology, expression of androgen receptors a and b (<jats:italic>ara<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic>arb<\/jats:italic>); estrogen receptor 1 (<jats:italic>esr1<\/jats:italic>); FSH receptor (<jats:italic>fshr<\/jats:italic>); vitellogenin receptor (<jats:italic>vtgr<\/jats:italic>) and aromatase (<jats:italic>cyp19<\/jats:italic>), and the required number of weekly PE injections to fully mature. For many parameters, both the 17\u00a0MT and E2 groups showed an increase vs. controls, with the 17\u00a0MT + E2 group showing a synergistic effect, as seen for EI, GSI (3.4 for 17\u00a0MT and for E2, 6.6 for 17\u00a0MT + E2), oocyte diameter and<jats:italic>ara<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic>arb<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>esr1<\/jats:italic>expression. Concentrations of almost all focal steroids decreased with simulated migration and steroid treatment. Only eels of the 17\u00a0MT-group showed increased expression of<jats:italic>cyp19<\/jats:italic>and of<jats:italic>fshr<\/jats:italic>, while<jats:italic>fshr<\/jats:italic>expression increased 44-fold in the 17\u00a0MT + E2 group, highlighting that co-implantation is most effective in raising<jats:italic>fshr<\/jats:italic>mRNA levels. Specific for eels of the E2 groups were vitellogenesis-associated changes such as an increase of HSI, plasma E2, and presence of yolk in the oocytes. Steroid treatments reduced the duration of PE treatment, again synergistically for co-implantation. In conclusion, E2 is necessary to start vitellogenesis, but 17\u00a0MT has specific effects on<jats:italic>cyp19<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>fshr<\/jats:italic>expression. The combination is necessary for synergistic effects and as such, steroid implants could be applied in assisted reproduction protocols for European eel to improve oocyte quality leading to the production of more vital larvae.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2022.969202","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,17]],"date-time":"2022-08-17T04:48:45Z","timestamp":1660711725000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Steroid implants for the induction of vitellogenesis in feminized European silver eels (Anguilla anguilla L.)"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Arjan P.","family":"Palstra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lotte J.","family":"Bouwman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pauline","family":"J\u00e9hannet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leo","family":"Kruijt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henk","family":"Schipper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco H.","family":"Blokland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William","family":"Swinkels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leon T. N.","family":"Heinsbroek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P. Mark","family":"Lokman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1023\/b:fish.0000030599.10456.9c","article-title":"11-ketotestosterone potentiates estrogen-induced vitellogenin production in liver of Japanese eel (Anguilla japonica)","volume":"28","author":"Asanuma","year":"2003","journal-title":"Fish Physiology Biochem."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-15-2290-1_15","article-title":"Chapter 14 improvements on the reproductive control of the European eel","volume-title":"Reproduction in Aquatic Animals","author":"Asturiano","year":"2020"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2017.10.007","article-title":"Applicability of an innovative steroid-profiling method to determine synthetic growth promoter abuse in cattle","volume":"174","author":"Blokland","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"B4","article-title":"Simulated migration of feminised eels to stimulate and predict the sexual maturation response","author":"B\u00f6hm","year":"2016"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fishres.2014.10.015","article-title":"Ultrasonography as a non-invasive tool for sex determination and maturation monitoring in silver eels","volume":"164","author":"Bureau du Colombier","year":"2015","journal-title":"Fish. Res."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-6480(91)90049-c","article-title":"Effects of 17\u03b2-estradiol and carp gonadotropin on vitellogenesis in normal and hypophysectomized European silver female eel (Anguilla anguilla L.) employing a homologous radioimmunoassay for vitellogenin","volume":"84","author":"Burzawa-Gerard","year":"1991","journal-title":"General Comp. Endocrinol."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.11233\/aquaculturesci.58.269","article-title":"The relationship between the developmental stage of oocytes in various seasons and the quality of the egg obtained by artificial maturation in the feminized Japanese eel Anguilla japonica","volume":"58","author":"Chai","year":"2010","journal-title":"Aquac. Sci."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R935","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00436.2014","article-title":"Triacylglyceride physiology in the short-finned eel,Anguilla australis-changes throughout early oogenesis","volume":"308","author":"Damsteegt","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiology-Regulatory, Integr. Comp. Physiology"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0229391","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0229391","article-title":"Effects of estradiol and 11-ketotestosterone pre-treatment on artificial induction of maturation in silver female shortfinned eels (Anguilla australis)","volume":"15","author":"Damsteegt","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2017.06.030","article-title":"Co-treatment with androgens during artificial induction of maturation in female eel, Anguilla anguilla: Effects on egg production and early development","volume":"479","author":"Di Biase","year":"2017","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.110.087163","article-title":"Androgens and very low density lipoprotein are essential for the growth of previtellogenic oocytes from Japanese eel, Anguilla japonica, in vitro","volume":"84","author":"Endo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biol. Reproduction"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","article-title":"Joint EIFAAC\/ICES\/GFCM working group on eels (WGEEL), and country reports 2020\u20132021","year":"2021","DOI":"10.17895\/ices.pub.8143"},{"key":"B13","first-page":"13","article-title":"Controlled reproduction in the Japanese eel (Anguilla japonica), past and present","volume":"36","author":"Ijiri","year":"2011","journal-title":"Aquac. Eur."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2017.06.016","article-title":"Ultrasonography to assist with timing of spawning in European eel","volume":"101","author":"J\u00e9hannet","year":"2017","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygcen.2019.02.018","article-title":"A mechanistic model for studying the initiation of anguillid vitellogenesis by comparing the European eel (Anguilla anguilla) and the shortfinned eel (A. australis)","volume":"279","author":"J\u00e9hannet","year":"2019","journal-title":"General Comp. Endocrinol."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1012","DOI":"10.2331\/fishsci.61.1012","article-title":"In vitro effects of 17&alpha;-hydroxyprogesterone and 17&alpha;, 20&beta;-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one on final maturation of oocytes at various developmental stages in artificially matured Japanese eel Anguilla japonica","volume":"61","author":"Kagawa","year":"1995","journal-title":"Fish. Sci."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.2331\/fishsci.63.365","article-title":"Induced ovulation by injection of 17, 20&beta;-Dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one in the artificially matured Japanese eel, with special reference to ovulation time","volume":"63","author":"Kagawa","year":"1997","journal-title":"Fish. Sci."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0235617","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0235617","article-title":"Differential impacts of carp and salmon pituitary extracts on induced oogenesis, egg quality, molecular ontogeny and embryonic developmental competence in European eel","volume":"15","author":"Kottmann","year":"","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"735581","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2020.735581","article-title":"Effects of essential fatty acids and feeding regimes on egg and offspring quality of European eel: Comparing reproductive success of farm-raised and wild-caught broodstock","volume":"529","author":"Kottmann","year":"","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.138.3.4979","article-title":"Comparison of the ligand binding specificity and transcript tissue distribution of estrogen receptors \u03b1 and \u03b2","volume":"138","author":"Kuiper","year":"1997","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1006\/gcen.1994.1007","article-title":"Involvement of growth hormone and prolactin in the induction of vitellogenin synthesis in primary hepatocyte culture in the eel, Anguilla japonica","volume":"93","author":"Kwon","year":"1994","journal-title":"General Comp. Endocrinol."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/0044-8486(91)90141-s","article-title":"Stimulation of pituitary gonadotropin and ovarian development by chronic administration of testosterone in female Japanese silver eel, Anguilla japonica","volume":"96","author":"Lin","year":"1991","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1006\/meth.2001.1262","article-title":"Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2\u2212\u0394\u0394CT method","volume":"25","author":"Livak","year":"2001","journal-title":"Methods"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1023\/a:1007719414295","article-title":"Gonad histology and plasma steroid profiles in wild New Zealand freshwater eels (Anguilla dieffenbachii and A. australis) before and at the onset of the natural spawning migration. I. Females","volume":"19","author":"Lokman","year":"1998","journal-title":"Fish. Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2014.11.026","article-title":"Artificial induction of maturation in female silver eels, Anguilla australis: The benefits of androgen pre-treatment","volume":"437","author":"Lokman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygcen.2009.05.022","article-title":"Oogenesis in teleosts: How fish eggs are formed","volume":"165","author":"Lubzens","year":"2010","journal-title":"General Comp. Endocrinol."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2015.11.020","article-title":"Simulated migration under mimicked photothermal conditions enhances sexual maturation of farmed European eel ( Anguilla anguilla )","volume":"452","author":"Mes","year":"2016","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpb.2013.07.005","article-title":"Ovarian expression and localization of a vitellogenin receptor with eight ligand binding repeats in the cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarki)","volume":"166","author":"Mizuta","year":"2013","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiology Part B Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1486","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-10-1343","article-title":"Activation of the androgen receptor by intratumoral bioconversion of androstanediol to dihydrotestosterone in prostate cancer","volume":"71","author":"Mohler","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygcen.2004.02.011","article-title":"Effects of follicle stimulating hormone on estradiol-17\u03b2 production and P-450 aromatase (CYP19) activity and mRNA expression in Brown trout vitellogenic ovarian follicles in vitro","volume":"137","author":"Montserrat","year":"2004","journal-title":"General Comp. Endocrinol."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1079\/9781800629097.0021","article-title":"Chapter 21 captive breeding of the European eel: Italian review","volume-title":"Eels biology, monitoring management culture and exploitation","author":"Mordenti","year":"2019"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1111\/are.13475","article-title":"Effect of aromatable androgen (17-methyltestosterone) on induced maturation of silver European eels (Anguilla anguilla ): Oocyte performance and synchronization","volume":"49","author":"Mordenti","year":"2018","journal-title":"Aquac. Res."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1213","DOI":"10.1017\/S1751731119003355","article-title":"Identification and stable expression of vitellogenin receptor through vitellogenesis in the European eel","volume":"14","author":"Morini","year":"2020","journal-title":"Animal"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/s0070-2153(08)60565-7","article-title":"Regulation of oocyte growth and maturation in fish","volume":"30","author":"Nagaharna","year":"1995","journal-title":"Curr. Top. Dev. Biol."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1023\/a:1007720600588","article-title":"Artificial induction of maturation and fertilization in the Japanese eel, Anguilla japonica","volume":"17","author":"Ohta","year":"1997","journal-title":"Fish. Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"735049","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2020.735049","article-title":"Obtaining high-quality larvae for mass production of glass eels: Can we refine our approach?","volume":"521","author":"Okamura","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00236081","article-title":"Effect of estradiol-17 ? On the cytology of the liver, gonads and pituitary, and on plasma electrolytes in the female freshwater eel","volume":"199","author":"Olivereau","year":"1979","journal-title":"Cell. Tissue Res."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2005.04.031","article-title":"Artificial maturation and reproduction of European silver eel: Development of oocytes during final maturation","volume":"249","author":"Palstra","year":"2005","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"B39","article-title":"Separate and combined treatment effects of simulated reproductive migration and hormonal stimulation on sexual maturation in European eels","author":"Palstra","year":"2018"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4020-9095-0_13","article-title":"Artificial maturation and reproduction of the European eel","volume-title":"Spawning migration of European eel. Reproduction index, a useful tool for conservation management","author":"Palstra","year":"2009"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1007\/s10695-010-9397-4","article-title":"Swimming physiology of European silver eels (Anguilla anguilla L): Energetic costs and effects on sexual maturation and reproduction.","volume":"36","author":"Palstra","year":"2010","journal-title":"Fish. Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1095-8649.1982.tb03994.x","article-title":"Relation of visual changes to the onset of sexual maturation in the European eel Anguilla anguilla (L.)","volume":"21","author":"Pankhurst","year":"1982","journal-title":"J. Fish. Biol."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1006\/gcen.1996.0068","article-title":"Potentiating effect of growth hormone on vitellogenin synthesis induced by 17\u03b2-estradiol in primary culture of female silver eel (Anguilla anguillaL.) hepatocytes","volume":"102","author":"Peyon","year":"1996","journal-title":"General Comp. Endocrinol."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0182726","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0182726","article-title":"Temperature effects on gene expression and morphological development of European eel, Anguilla anguilla larvae","volume":"12","author":"Politis","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"736651","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2021.736651","article-title":"Performance thresholds of hatchery produced European eel larvae reared at different salinity regimes","volume":"539","author":"Politis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1677\/joe.0.1140289","article-title":"Plasma concentrations of ovarian steroids in the freshwater European silver eel (Anguilla anguilla L.): Effects of hypophysectomy and transfer to sea water","volume":"114","author":"Qu\u00e9rat","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2013.02.003","article-title":"Steroidogenic acute regulatory protein transcript abundance in the eel, Anguilla australis: Changes during the induced reproductive cycle and effects of follicle-stimulating hormone during previtellogenesis","volume":"138","author":"Reid","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1321","DOI":"10.1080\/10934529.2020.1790954","article-title":"Steroid androgen 17 alpha methyltestosterone used in fish farming induces biochemical alterations in zebrafish adults","volume":"55","author":"Rivero-Wendt","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Environ. Sci. Health, Part A"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3862","DOI":"10.4238\/2013.September.23.4","article-title":"Cytogenetic toxicity and gonadal effects of 17 \u03b1-methyltestosterone in Astyanax bimaculatus (Characidae) and Oreochromis niloticus (Cichlidae)","volume":"12","author":"Rivero-Wendt","year":"2013","journal-title":"Genet. Mol. Res."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1016\/s1095-6433(01)00402-0","article-title":"11-Ketotestosterone induces silvering-related changes in immature female short-finned eels, Anguilla australis","volume":"130","author":"Rohr","year":"2001","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiology Part A Mol. Integr. Physiology"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.2089","article-title":"NIH image to ImageJ: 25 years of image analysis","volume":"9","author":"Schneider","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2199-11-75","article-title":"The use of reference gene selection programs to study the silvering transformation in a freshwater eel Anguilla australis: A cautionary tale","volume":"11","author":"Setiawan","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMC Mol. Biol."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygcen.2011.12.041","article-title":"Androgen-specific regulation of FSH signalling in the previtellogenic ovary and pituitary of the New Zealand shortfinned eel, Anguilla australis","volume":"176","author":"Setiawan","year":"2012","journal-title":"General Comp. Endocrinol."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1002\/jez.1402690109","article-title":"Involvement of the lysosomal system in yolk protein deposit and degradation during vitellogenesis and embryonic development in trout","volume":"269","author":"Sire","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Exp. Zool."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.2108\/zsj.28.180","article-title":"Dynamics of reproductive hormones during downstream migration in females of the Japanese eel,Anguilla japonica","volume":"28","author":"Sudo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Zoological Sci."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1007\/s12562-014-0821-z","article-title":"Progression in artificial seedling production of Japanese eel Anguilla japonica","volume":"81","author":"Tanaka","year":"2014","journal-title":"Fish. Sci."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1319","DOI":"10.1093\/biolre\/ioz007","article-title":"Synergistic effects of estradiol and 11-ketotestosterone on vitellogenin physiology in the shortfinned eel (Anguilla australis)","volume":"100","author":"Thomson-Laing","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygcen.2017.06.025","article-title":"The effects of migratory stage and 11-ketotestosterone on the expression of rod opsin genes in the shortfinned eel (Anguilla australis)","volume":"257","author":"Thomson-Laing","year":"2018","journal-title":"General Comp. Endocrinol."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.1998.9919","article-title":"Fish androgen receptor: cDNA cloning, steroid activation of transcription in transfected mammalian cells, and tissue mRNA levels","volume":"254","author":"Todo","year":"1999","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophysical Res. Commun."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1079\/9781800629097.0022","article-title":"European eel - an integrated approach to establish eel hatchery technology in Denmark","volume-title":"Eels biology, monitoring, management, culture and exploitation","author":"Tomkiewicz","year":"2019"},{"key":"B61","article-title":"Update nihon university progression","author":"Tsukamoto","year":"2019"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1491","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.104.030627","article-title":"Dopamine inhibits luteinizing hormone synthesis and release in the juvenile European eel: A neuroendocrine lock for the onset of Puberty1","volume":"71","author":"Vidal","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-6814-8_3","article-title":"Vitellogenesis and oocyte growth in nonmammalian vertebrates","volume":"1","author":"Wallace","year":"1985","journal-title":"Dev. Biol."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4020-9095-0_12","article-title":"Dopamine inhibition of eel reproduction","volume-title":"Spawning migration of the European eel","author":"Weltzien","year":"2009"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpb.2015.04.012","article-title":"Effects of 11-ketotestosterone and temperature on inhibin subunit mRNA levels in the ovary of the shortfinned eel, Anguilla australis","volume":"187","author":"Zadmajid","year":"2015","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiology Part B Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.pcan.4500761","article-title":"5\u03b1-Androstane-3\u03b1,17\u03b2-diol activates pathway that resembles the epidermal growth factor responsive pathways in stimulating human prostate cancer LNCaP cell proliferation","volume":"7","author":"Zimmerman","year":"2004","journal-title":"Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Genetics"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fgene.2022.969202\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,1]],"date-time":"2024-10-01T22:06:07Z","timestamp":1727820367000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fgene.2022.969202\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,17]]},"references-count":66,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fgene.2022.969202"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fgene.2022.969202","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-8021"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-8021","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,17]]},"article-number":"969202"}}