{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T03:29:35Z","timestamp":1793330975312,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,19]],"date-time":"2023-01-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1674086400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Genet."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Members of the Doublesex and Mab-3-related transcription factor (<jats:italic>Dmrt<\/jats:italic>) gene family handle various vital functions in several biological processes, including sex determination\/differentiation and gonad development. <jats:italic>Dmrt1<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Sox9<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>SoxE<\/jats:italic> in invertebrates) exhibit a very conserved interaction function during testis formation in vertebrates. However, the dynamic expression pattern and functional roles of the <jats:italic>Dmrt<\/jats:italic> gene family and <jats:italic>SoxE<\/jats:italic> have not yet been identified in any echinoderm species. Herein, five members of the <jats:italic>Dmrt<\/jats:italic> gene family (<jats:italic>Dmrt1<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>2<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>3a<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>3b<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>5<\/jats:italic>) and the ancestor <jats:italic>SoxE<\/jats:italic> gene were identified from the genome of <jats:italic>Apostichopus japonicus<\/jats:italic>. Expression studies of <jats:italic>Dmrt<\/jats:italic> family genes and <jats:italic>SoxE<\/jats:italic> in different tissues of adult males and females revealed different expression patterns of each gene. Transcription of <jats:italic>Dmrt2<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Dmrt3a<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Dmrt3b<\/jats:italic> was higher expressed in the tube feet and coelomocytes instead of in gonadal tissues. The expression of <jats:italic>Dmrt1<\/jats:italic> was found to be sustained throughout spermatogenesis. Knocking-down of <jats:italic>Dmrt1<\/jats:italic> by means of RNA interference (RNAi) led to the downregulation of <jats:italic>SoxE<\/jats:italic> and upregulation of the ovarian regulator <jats:italic>foxl2<\/jats:italic> in the testes. This indicates that <jats:italic>Dmrt1<\/jats:italic> may be a positive regulator of <jats:italic>SoxE<\/jats:italic> and may play a role in the development of the testes in the sea cucumber. The expression level of <jats:italic>SoxE<\/jats:italic> was higher in the ovaries than in the testes, and knocking down of <jats:italic>SoxE<\/jats:italic> by RNAi reduced <jats:italic>SoxE<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Dmrt1<\/jats:italic> expression but conversely increased the expression of <jats:italic>foxl2<\/jats:italic> in the testes. In summary, this study indicates that <jats:italic>Dmrt1<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>SoxE<\/jats:italic> are indispensable for testicular differentiation, and <jats:italic>SoxE<\/jats:italic> might play a functional role during ovary differentiation in the sea cucumber.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2023.1097825","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,19]],"date-time":"2023-01-19T07:58:15Z","timestamp":1674115095000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Identification and functional analysis of Dmrt1 gene and the SoxE gene in the sexual development of sea cucumber, Apostichopus japonicus"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Bing-Zheng","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing-Jing","family":"Cong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei-Yi","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhen-Lin","family":"Hao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhi-Hui","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ya-Qing","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygcen.2019.06.009","article-title":"Screening for dmrt genes from embryo to mature Macrobrachium rosenbergii prawns","volume":"282","author":"Abayed","year":"2019","journal-title":"General Comp. 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