{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T00:28:40Z","timestamp":1793406520171,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":105,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,11]],"date-time":"2023-05-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1683763200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Genet."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Maternal high-fat diet (HFD) during pregnancy is associated with rapid weight gain and fetal fat mass increase at an early stage. Also, HFD during pregnancy can cause the activation of proinflammatory cytokines. Maternal insulin resistance and inflammation lead to increased adipose tissue lipolysis, and also increased free fatty acid (FFA) intake during pregnancy (\u02c335% of energy from fat) cause a significant increase in FFA levels in the fetus. However, both maternal insulin resistance and HFD have detrimental effects on adiposity in early life. As a result of these metabolic alterations, excess fetal lipid exposure may affect fetal growth and development. On the other hand, increase in blood lipids and inflammation can adversely affect the development of the liver, adipose tissue, brain, skeletal muscle, and pancreas in the fetus, increasing the risk for metabolic disorders. In addition, maternal HFD is associated with changes in the hypothalamic regulation of body weight and energy homeostasis by altering the expression of the leptin receptor, POMC, and neuropeptide Y in the offspring, as well as altering methylation and gene expression of dopamine and opioid-related genes which cause changes in eating behavior. All these maternal metabolic and epigenetic changes may contribute to the childhood obesity epidemic through fetal metabolic programming. Dietary interventions, such as limiting dietary fat intake &amp;lt;35% with appropriate fatty acid intake during the gestation period are the most effective type of intervention to improve the maternal metabolic environment during pregnancy. Appropriate nutritional intake during pregnancy should be the principal goal in reducing the risks of obesity and metabolic disorders.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2023.1158089","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,11]],"date-time":"2023-05-11T10:53:07Z","timestamp":1683802387000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":92,"title":["Maternal high fat diets: impacts on offspring obesity and epigenetic hypothalamic programming"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Beg\u00fcm","family":"Harmanc\u0131o\u011flu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seray","family":"Kabaran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1677\/JME-08-0025","article-title":"Developmental origins of disease and determinants of chromatin structure: Maternal diet modifies the primate fetal epigenome","volume":"41","author":"Aagaard-Tillery","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Mol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2011.00027","article-title":"Developmental programming in response to maternal overnutrition","volume":"2","author":"Alfaradhi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Front. Genet."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jand.2012.03.031","article-title":"Body fat mass of exclusively breastfed infants born to overweight mothers","volume":"112","author":"Andres","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Acad. Nutr. Diet."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13020317","article-title":"Maternal factors associated with levels of fatty acids, specifically n-3 PUFA during pregnancy: Eclipses Study","volume":"13","author":"Aparicio","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2023","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2008-2045","article-title":"Fetal and postnatal growth and body composition at 6 months of age","volume":"94","author":"Ay","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114507812037","article-title":"A maternal \u2018junk food\u2019 diet in pregnancy and lactation promotes an exacerbated taste for \u2018junk food\u2019 and a greater propensity for obesity in rat offspring","volume":"98","author":"Bayol","year":"2007","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3219","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2008.153817","article-title":"Offspring from mothers fed a \u2018junk food\u2019diet in pregnancy and lactation exhibit exacerbated adiposity that is more pronounced in females","volume":"586","author":"Bayol","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4113","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2012-2255","article-title":"Maternal obesity enhances white adipose tissue differentiation and alters genome-scale DNA methylation in male rat offspring","volume":"154","author":"Borengasser","year":"2013","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.2009.28623","article-title":"Maternal macronutrient and energy intakes in pregnancy and offspring intake at 10 y: exploring parental comparisons and prenatal effects","volume":"91","author":"Brion","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100773","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yfrne.2019.100773","article-title":"Epigenetic regulation of POMC; implications for nutritional programming, obesity and metabolic disease","volume":"54","author":"Candler","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Neuroendocrinol."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"j1","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.j1","article-title":"Obesity and pregnancy: Mechanisms of short term and long term adverse consequences for mother and child","volume":"356","author":"Catalano","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2016.08.008","article-title":"Fatty-acid-mediated hypothalamic inflammation and epigenetic programming","volume":"42","author":"Cesar","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Biochem."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12107","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2642-08.2008","article-title":"Maternal high-fat diet and fetal programming: Increased proliferation of hypothalamic peptide-producing neurons that increase risk for overeating and obesity","volume":"28","author":"Chang","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e6259","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0006259","article-title":"Hypothalamic neuroendocrine circuitry is programmed by maternal obesity: Interaction with postnatal nutritional environment","volume":"4","author":"Chen","year":"2009","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2016.183","article-title":"High fat induces acute and chronic inflammation in the hypothalamus: Effect of high-fat diet, palmitate and TNF-\u03b1 on appetite-regulating NPY neurons","volume":"41","author":"Dalvi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4192","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2004-1520","article-title":"Consumption of a fat-rich diet activates a proinflammatory response and induces insulin resistance in the hypothalamus","volume":"146","author":"De Souza","year":"2005","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2010.08.008","article-title":"Effects of pre-pregnancy body mass \u0131ndex and gestational weight gain on infant anthropometric outcomes","volume":"158","author":"Deierlein","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R91","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00340.2004","article-title":"Programmed obesity in intrauterine growth-restricted newborns: Modulation by newborn nutrition","volume":"288","author":"Desai","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2016.01.023","article-title":"Programmed hyperphagia in offspring of obese dams: Altered expression of hypothalamic nutrient sensors, neurogenic factors and epigenetic modulators","volume":"99","author":"Desai","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2015.13","article-title":"Epigenomics, gestational programming and risk of metabolic syndrome","volume":"39","author":"Desai","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0031-1275517","article-title":"Fetal programming of adipose tissue: Effects of intrauterine growth restriction and maternal obesity\/high-fat diet","volume":"29","author":"Desai","year":"2011","journal-title":"Semin. Reprod."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1111\/ijpo.262","article-title":"Is gestational weight gain associated with offspring obesity at 36 months?","volume":"10","author":"Diesel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pediatr. Obes."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2576","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2021.787848","article-title":"Maternal fatty acid metabolism in pregnancy and its consequences in the feto-placental development","volume":"12","author":"Duttaroy","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Physiology"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2016.07.002","article-title":"Maternal obesity and prenatal programming","volume":"435","author":"Elshenawy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Cell Endocrinol."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2007.02.004","article-title":"Diet-induced obesity causes severe but reversible leptin resistance in arcuate melanocortin neurons","volume":"5","author":"Enriori","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1007\/s10995-007-0276-2","article-title":"Pre-pregnancy body mass index, gestational weight gain, and other maternal characteristics in relation to infant birth weight","volume":"12","author":"Frederick","year":"2008","journal-title":"Matern. Child. Health J."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.siny.2009.09.001","article-title":"Effects of maternal obesity on fetal growth and body composition: Implications for programming and future health","volume":"15","author":"Freeman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Semin. Fetal Neonat. Med."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e18950","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0018950","article-title":"Fasting and high-fat diet alter histone deacetylase expression in the medial hypothalamus","volume":"6","author":"Funato","year":"2011","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1046","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.20088","article-title":"Risk factors and outcomes of maternal obesity and excessive weight gain during pregnancy","volume":"21","author":"Gaillard","year":"2013","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1515\/jpm-2012-0020","article-title":"Fetal growth and developmental programming","volume":"41","author":"Galjaard","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Perinat. Med."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1093\/nutrit\/nuaa020","article-title":"Relationship of maternal high-fat diet during pregnancy and lactation to offspring health","volume":"79","author":"Gawli\u0144ska","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutr. Rev."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2207","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2017.3635","article-title":"Association of gestational weight gain with maternal and infant outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"317","author":"Goldstein","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1622","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2009-1019","article-title":"Changes in melanocortin expression and inflammatory pathways in fetal offspring of nonhuman primates fed a high-fat diet","volume":"151","author":"Grayson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2013.193","article-title":"Obesity at conception programs the opioid system in the offspring brain","volume":"39","author":"Grissom","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.2188\/jea.JE20140149","article-title":"Gestational weight gain and overweight in children aged 3\u20136 years","volume":"25","author":"Guo","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/76.3.653","article-title":"Predicting overweight and obesity in adulthood from body mass index values in childhood and adolescence","volume":"76","author":"Guo","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.1038\/pr.2018.50","article-title":"Maternal obesity: A serious pediatric health crisis","volume":"83","author":"Harmon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00310.2010","article-title":"Maternal obesity and fetal metabolic programming: A fertile epigenetic soil","volume":"299","author":"Heerwagen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"894","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11040894","article-title":"The good, the bad, and the ugly of pregnancy nutrients and developmental programming of adult disease","volume":"11","author":"Hsu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B40","volume-title":"Nutrition during pregnancy","year":"1990"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI88878","article-title":"Hypothalamic inflammation in obesity and metabolic disease","volume":"127","author":"Jais","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.2519","article-title":"Dopamine D2 receptors in addiction-like reward dysfunction and compulsive eating in obese rats","volume":"13","author":"Johnson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"B43","first-page":"10","volume-title":"Fats and fatty acids in human nutrition","author":"Joint","year":"2010"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.5455\/pmb.1-1379254723","article-title":"Fetal programming of obesity: Maternal obesity and excessive weight gain","volume":"13","author":"Kabaran","year":"2014","journal-title":"TAF Prev. Med. Bull."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102098","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plefa.2020.102098","article-title":"Maternal fats and pregnancy complications: Implications for long-term health","volume":"157","author":"Khaire","year":"2020","journal-title":"Prostagl. Leukot. Essent. Fat. Acids"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e5870","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0005870","article-title":"Maternal obesity induced by diet in rats permanently influences central processes regulating food intake in offspring","volume":"4","author":"Kirk","year":"2009","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1097\/MED.0000000000000305","article-title":"Maternal epigenetics and fetal and neonatal growth","volume":"24","author":"Kitsiou-Tzeli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Endocrinol. Diabetes Obes."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.4274\/jcrpe.2127","article-title":"Maternal obesity and its short-and long-term maternal and infantile effects","volume":"8","author":"Korkmaz","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clin. Res. Pediatr. Endocrinol."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S77","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114512001481","article-title":"Omega 3 fatty acids, gestation and pregnancy outcomes","volume":"107","author":"Larqu\u00e9","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwk030","article-title":"Epidemiologic evidence for the fetal overnutrition hypothesis: Findings from the mater-university study of pregnancy and its outcomes","volume":"165","author":"Lawlor","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2017.05.005","article-title":"Cafeteria diet differentially alters the expression of feeding-related genes through DNA methylation mechanisms in individual hypothalamic nuclei","volume":"450","author":"Lazzarino","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Cell Endocrinol."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2017.00197","article-title":"Hypothalamic inflammation and energy balance disruptions: Spotlight on chemokines","volume":"8","author":"Le Thuc","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S51","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2008.518","article-title":"Epigenetic influences on food intake and physical activity level: Review of animal studies","volume":"16","author":"Levin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"900","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2011.10.018","article-title":"Accumulation of endoplasmic reticulum stress and lipogenesis in the liver through generational effects of high fat diets","volume":"56","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1159\/000456668","article-title":"Effect of maternal obesity on foetal growth and metabolic health of the offspring","volume":"10","author":"Maffeis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Obes. Facts"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-publhealth-040617-014629","article-title":"Environmental influences on the epigenome: Exposure-associated DNA methylation in human populations","volume":"39","author":"Martin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Public Health"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI32661","article-title":"Maternal high-fat diet triggers lipotoxicity in the fetal livers of nonhuman primates","volume":"119","author":"McCurdy","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1111\/jmwh.12927","article-title":"Excessive gestational weight gain","volume":"64","author":"McDowell","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Midwifery Womens Health"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2014.10.001","article-title":"Type of fatty acids in maternal diets during pregnancy and\/or lactation and metabolic consequences of the offspring","volume":"26","author":"Mennitti","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Biochem."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plefa.2018.07.001","article-title":"Influence of maternal consumption of different types of fatty acids during pregnancy and lactation on lipid and glucose metabolism of the 21-day-old male offspring in rats","volume":"135","author":"Mennitti","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prostagl. Leukot. Essent. Fat. Acids"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8061389","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/8061389","article-title":"Maternal overnutrition programs central inflammation and addiction-like behavior in offspring","volume":"2018","author":"Montalvo-Mart\u00ednez","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomed. Res. Int."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1586\/eem.09.45","article-title":"Early life influences on obesity risk: Maternal overnutrition and programming of obesity","volume":"4","author":"Morris","year":"2009","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1257","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.05-5241fje","article-title":"Increased maternal nutrition alters development of the appetite-regulating network in the brain","volume":"20","author":"Muhlhausler","year":"2006","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.2174\/187153011796429835","article-title":"The fetal origins of obesity: Early origins of altered food intake","volume":"11","author":"Muhlhausler","year":"2011","journal-title":"Endocr. Metab. Immune Disord. Drug Targets"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)60460-8","article-title":"Global, regional, and national prevalence of overweight and obesity in children and adults during 1980\u20132013: A systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2013","volume":"384","author":"Ng","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2015.178","article-title":"The early origins of obesity and insulin resistance: Timing, programming and mechanisms","volume":"40","author":"Nicholas","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1017\/S204017441200030X","article-title":"Perinatal overnutrition and the programming of food preferences: Pathways and mechanisms","volume":"3","author":"Ong","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Dev. Orig. Health Dis."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2167","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.10-178392","article-title":"Maternal \u201cjunk-food\u201d feeding of rat dams alters food choices and development of the mesolimbic reward pathway in the offspring","volume":"25","author":"Ong","year":"2011","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.10.077982","article-title":"Maternal body mass index and gestational weight gain and their association with perinatal outcomes in Viet Nam","volume":"89","author":"Ota","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bull. World Health Organ"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1328","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2016-1003","article-title":"Developmental programming, a pathway to disease","volume":"157","author":"Padmanabhan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R290","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00661.2007","article-title":"Three weeks of early-onset exercise prolongs obesity resistance in DIO rats after exercise cessation","volume":"294","author":"Patterson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4963","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2009.176156","article-title":"Hypothalamic proopiomelanocortin promoter methylation becomes altered by early overfeeding: An epigenetic model of obesity and the metabolic syndrome","volume":"587","author":"Plagemann","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"591559","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2020.591559","article-title":"Behavioral feeding circuit: Dietary fat-induced effects of inflammatory mediators in the hypothalamus","volume":"11","author":"Poon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1203\/PDR.0b013e3182055ede","article-title":"Obesity in pregnancy: Implications for the mother and lifelong health of the child. A consensus statement","volume":"69","author":"Poston","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1431","DOI":"10.1038\/s41366-018-0094-1","article-title":"Maternal overnutrition programs epigenetic changes in the regulatory regions of hypothalamic Pomc in the offspring of rats","volume":"42","author":"Ramamoorthy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes."},{"key":"B76","volume-title":"Weight gain during pregnancy: Reexamining the Guidelines","author":"K. M.","year":"2009"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1571","DOI":"10.1042\/CS20160221","article-title":"The importance of gene\u2013environment interactions in human obesity","volume":"130","author":"Reddon","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Sci."},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S25","DOI":"10.1038\/ijosup.2012.18","article-title":"High-fat diet alters the dopamine and opioid systems: Effects across development","volume":"2","author":"Reyes","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes. Suppl."},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2017.00245","article-title":"Experimental models of maternal obesity and neuroendocrine programming of metabolic disorders in offspring","volume":"8","author":"Reynolds","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5365","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2010-0697","article-title":"Maternal BMI, parity, and pregnancy weight gain: Influences on offspring adiposity in young adulthood","volume":"95","author":"Reynolds","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e966","DOI":"10.1038\/tp.2016.235","article-title":"Maternal high-fat diet prevents developmental programming by early-life stress","volume":"6","author":"Rincel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2157","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.21306","article-title":"Maternal high\u2010fat diet and obesity impact palatable food intake and dopamine signaling in nonhuman primate offspring","volume":"23","author":"Rivera","year":"2015","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1159\/000360508","article-title":"Developmental programming of appetite\/satiety","volume":"64","author":"Ross","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann. Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1097\/GRF.0b013e318299c39d","article-title":"Developmental programming of offspring obesity, adipogenesis, and appetite","volume":"56","author":"Ross","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.2174\/1389202920666191030092225","article-title":"Maternal obesity, maternal overnutrition and fetal programming: Effects of epigenetic mechanisms on the development of metabolic disorders","volume":"20","author":"\u015eanl\u0131","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Genomics"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2006.07.002","article-title":"Gender difference in the effect of intrauterine malnutrition on the central anorexigenic action of insulin in adult rats","volume":"22","author":"Sardinha","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biochi.2022.06.009","article-title":"Effects of a maternal high-fat diet on adipose tissue in murine offspring: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"201","author":"Saullo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biochimie"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-013-2831-2","article-title":"Nuclear factor \u03baB (NF-\u03baB) suppresses food intake and energy expenditure in mice by directly activating the Pomc promoter","volume":"56","author":"Shi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1111\/1440-1681.13244","article-title":"Role of omega\u20106 and omega\u20103 fatty acids in fetal programming","volume":"47","author":"Shrestha","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol."},{"key":"B90","first-page":"99","article-title":"Activation of hypothalamic NPY, AgRP, MC4R, AND IL-6 mRNA levels in young Lewis rats with early-life diet-induced obesity","volume":"43","author":"Stofkova","year":"2009","journal-title":"Endocr. Regul."},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2009.113","article-title":"Maternal overweight and obesity and the risk of congenital anomalies: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"301","author":"Stothard","year":"2009","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2707","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2010.203950","article-title":"Gestational high fat diet programs hepatic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase gene expression and histone modification in neonatal offspring rats","volume":"589","author":"Strakovsky","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yhbeh.2015.04.008","article-title":"Maternal high-fat diet programming of the neuroendocrine system and behavior","volume":"76","author":"Sullivan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Horm. Behav."},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1113\/expphysiol.2005.032854","article-title":"Developmental programming of obesity in mammals","volume":"92","author":"Taylor","year":"2007","journal-title":"Exp. Physiol."},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5086","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-05344-7","article-title":"The association between high fat diet around gestation and metabolic syndrome-related phenotypes in rats: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"7","author":"Tellechea","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1007\/s00404-013-3053-z","article-title":"Risk of childhood overweight or obesity associated with excessive weight gain during pregnancy: A meta-analysis","volume":"289","author":"Tie","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arch. Gynecol. Obstet."},{"key":"B97","volume-title":"US department of agriculture 2015\u20132020 dietary Guidelines for Americans","year":"2015"},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2014.11.018","article-title":"Microglia dictate the impact of saturated fat consumption on hypothalamic inflammation and neuronal function","volume":"9","author":"Valdearcos","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.14310\/horm.2002.1590","article-title":"Effect of maternal obesity on pregnancy outcomes and long-term metabolic consequences","volume":"14","author":"Valsamakis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hormones"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E83","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.2000.279.1.E83","article-title":"Fetal origins of hyperphagia, obesity, and hypertension and postnatal amplification by hypercaloric nutrition","volume":"279","author":"Vickers","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1002744","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002744","article-title":"Maternal body mass index, gestational weight gain, and the risk of overweight and obesity across childhood: An individual participant data meta-analysis","volume":"16","author":"Voerman","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS Med."},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2014.01.008","article-title":"Neonatal insulin action impairs hypothalamic neurocircuit formation in response to maternal high-fat feeding","volume":"156","author":"Vogt","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4756","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2010-0505","article-title":"Maternal high-fat diet alters methylation and gene expression of dopamine and opioid-related genes","volume":"151","author":"Vucetic","year":"2010","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e61627","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0061627","article-title":"Pre-pregnancy body mass index in relation to infant birth weight and offspring overweight\/obesity: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"8","author":"Yu","year":"2013","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10040416","article-title":"Dietary intakes of EPA and DHA omega-3 fatty acids among US childbearing-age and pregnant women: An analysis of NHANES 2001\u20132014","volume":"10","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nutrients"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Genetics"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fgene.2023.1158089\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,11]],"date-time":"2023-05-11T10:53:19Z","timestamp":1683802399000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fgene.2023.1158089\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,11]]},"references-count":105,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fgene.2023.1158089"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fgene.2023.1158089","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-8021"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-8021","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,11]]},"article-number":"1158089"}}