{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T15:43:13Z","timestamp":1792597393690,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,28]],"date-time":"2023-07-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1690502400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Genet."],"abstract":"<jats:p>The remarkable fish biodiversity encompasses also great sex chromosome variability. <jats:italic>Harttia<\/jats:italic> catfish belong to Neotropical models for karyotype and sex chromosome research. Some species possess one of the three male-heterogametic sex chromosome systems, XY, X<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>X<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>Y or XY<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>Y<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>, while other members of the genus have yet uncharacterized modes of sex determination. Particularly the XY<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>Y<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> multiple sex chromosome system shows a relatively low incidence among vertebrates, and it has not been yet thoroughly investigated. Previous research suggested two independent X-autosome fusions in <jats:italic>Harttia<\/jats:italic> which led to the emergence of XY<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>Y<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> sex chromosome system in three of its species. In this study, we investigated evolutionary trajectories of synteny blocks involved in this XY<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>Y<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> system by probing six <jats:italic>Harttia<\/jats:italic> species with whole chromosome painting (WCP) probes derived from the X (HCA-X) and the chromosome 9 (HCA-9) of <jats:italic>H. carvalhoi<\/jats:italic>. We found that both painting probes hybridize to two distinct chromosome pairs in Amazonian species, whereas the HCA-9 probe paints three chromosome pairs in <jats:italic>H. guianensis,<\/jats:italic> endemic to Guyanese drainages. These findings demonstrate distinct evolutionary fates of mapped synteny blocks and thereby elevated karyotype dynamics in <jats:italic>Harttia<\/jats:italic> among the three evolutionary clades.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2023.1226222","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,28]],"date-time":"2023-07-28T19:54:08Z","timestamp":1690574048000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Turnover of multiple sex chromosomes in Harttia catfish (Siluriformes, Loricariidae): a glimpse from whole chromosome painting"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Francisco de Menezes Cavalcante","family":"Sassi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Geize Aparecida","family":"Deon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandr","family":"Sember","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Liehr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Osvaldo Takeshi","family":"Oyakawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Orlando","family":"Moreira Filho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luiz Antonio Carlos","family":"Bertollo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcelo Ricardo","family":"Vicari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcelo de Bello","family":"Cioffi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-ecolsys-011620-031032","article-title":"Diversification of Neotropical freshwater fishes","volume":"51","author":"Albert","year":"2020","journal-title":"Annu. 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