{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T20:36:59Z","timestamp":1790627819497,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,10]],"date-time":"2023-10-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1696896000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Genet."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Background:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Regarding past epidemiological studies, there has been disagreement over whether type 1 diabetes (T1DM) is one of the risk factors for dental caries. The purpose of this study was to determine the causative links between genetic susceptibility to T1DM, glycemic traits, and the risk of dental caries using Mendelian randomization (MR) approaches.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Methods:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Summary-level data were collected on genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of T1DM, fasting glucose (FG), glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), fasting insulin (FI), and dental caries. MR was performed using the inverse-variance weighting (IVW) method, and sensitivity analyses were conducted using the MR-Egger method, weighted median, weighted mode, replication cohort, and multivariable MR conditioning on potential mediators.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold>\n                    The risk of dental caries increased as a result of genetic susceptibility to T1DM [odds ratio (OR) = 1.044; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.015\u20131.074;\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.003], with consistent findings in the replication cohort. The relationship between T1DM and dental caries was stable when adjusted for BMI, smoking, alcohol intake, and type 2 diabetes (T2DM) in multivariable MR. However, no significant correlations between the risk of dental caries and FG, HbA1c, or FI were found.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Conclusion:<\/jats:bold>\n                    These results indicate that T1DM has causal involvement in the genesis of dental caries. Therefore, periodic reinforcement of oral hygiene instructions must be added to the management and early multidisciplinary intervention of T1DM patients, especially among adolescents and teenagers, who are more susceptible to T1DM.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2023.1230113","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,10]],"date-time":"2023-10-10T02:39:17Z","timestamp":1696905557000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Type 1 diabetes, glycemic traits, and risk of dental caries: a Mendelian randomization study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Li","family":"Tan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meng-Mei","family":"Zhong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ya-Qiong","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marie Aimee","family":"Dusenge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yao","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qin","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ze-Yue","family":"Ou-Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ning-Xin","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiao-Lin","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qian","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiong","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Min-Yuan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yun-Zhi","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yue","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3001","DOI":"10.2147\/DMSO.S318972","article-title":"Oral health messiers: diabetes mellitus relevance","volume":"14","author":"Ahmad","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. Syndr. Obes."},{"key":"B2","first-page":"468","article-title":"Caries experience among children with type 1 diabetes in Kuwait","volume":"34","author":"Akpata","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pediatr. Dent."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.12131","article-title":"When to use the Bonferroni correction","volume":"34","author":"Armstrong","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol. Opt."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2021.119311","article-title":"Unravelling the involvement of gut microbiota in type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"273","author":"Arora","year":"2021","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1995.tb02031.x","article-title":"Controlling the false discovery rate: A practical and powerful approach to multiple testing","volume":"57","author":"Benjamini","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. R. Stat. Soc. Ser. B Methodol."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1002\/ueg2.12190","article-title":"Glucose variability during the early course of acute pancreatitis predicts two-year probability of new-onset diabetes: A prospective longitudinal cohort study","volume":"10","author":"Bharmal","year":"2022","journal-title":"United Eur. Gastroenterol. J."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.17796\/1053-4625-43.6.10","article-title":"Type 1 diabetes mellitus (juvenile diabetes) - a review for the pediatric oral health provider","volume":"43","author":"Bimstein","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pediatr. Dent."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-02380-9","article-title":"Re-analysis of public genetic data reveals a rare X-chromosomal variant associated with type 2 diabetes","volume":"9","author":"Bon\u00e0s-Guarch","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3342","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehz527","article-title":"Residual confounding in observational studies: new data from the old DIG trial","volume":"40","author":"Boorsma","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1046\/j.0909-8836.1998.eos106505.x","article-title":"Glucose concentration in parotid saliva after glucose\/food intake in individuals with glucose intolerance and diabetes mellitus","volume":"106","author":"Borg Andersson","year":"1998","journal-title":"Eur. J. Oral Sci."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyv080","article-title":"Mendelian randomization with invalid instruments: effect estimation and bias detection through egger regression","volume":"44","author":"Bowden","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1002\/gepi.21998","article-title":"Bias due to participant overlap in two-sample Mendelian randomization","volume":"40","author":"Burgess","year":"2016","journal-title":"Genet. Epidemiol."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyr036","article-title":"Avoiding bias from weak instruments in Mendelian randomization studies","volume":"40","author":"Burgess","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-017-0255-x","article-title":"Interpreting findings from Mendelian randomization using the MR-Egger method","volume":"32","author":"Burgess","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwu283","article-title":"Multivariable mendelian randomization: the use of pleiotropic genetic variants to estimate causal effects","volume":"181","author":"Burgess","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2099","DOI":"10.1074\/mcp.M110.001057","article-title":"Alterations of the salivary secretory peptidome profile in children affected by type 1 diabetes","volume":"9","author":"Cabras","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol. Cell Proteomics"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11030668","article-title":"Oral microbiota in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus: novel insights into the pathogenesis of dental and periodontal disease","volume":"11","author":"Carelli","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-021-00852-9","article-title":"The trans-ancestral genomic architecture of glycemic traits","volume":"53","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1725","DOI":"10.21037\/jtd.2017.05.34","article-title":"A general introduction to adjustment for multiple comparisons","volume":"9","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Thorac. Dis."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2009.21","article-title":"The role of inflammation in insulitis and beta-cell loss in type 1 diabetes","volume":"5","author":"Eizirik","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-022-02555-x","article-title":"Association between metabolic control and oral health in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus","volume":"22","author":"Ferizi","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Oral Health"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5780916","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/5780916","article-title":"The influence of type 1 diabetes mellitus on dental caries and salivary composition","volume":"2018","author":"Ferizi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Dent."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.2337\/db19-0831","article-title":"Rare genetic variants of large effect influence risk of type 1 diabetes","volume":"69","author":"Forgetta","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1111\/prd.12100","article-title":"Salivary biomarkers for dental caries","volume":"70","author":"Gao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Periodontol"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)60692-4","article-title":"Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 301 acute and chronic diseases and injuries in 188 countries, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2013","volume":"386","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345850640030301","article-title":"Sugar clearance from saliva and intra-oral spaces","volume":"64","author":"Goulet","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.4103\/JCD.JCD_531_18","article-title":"Saliva as a biomarker for dental caries: A systematic review","volume":"22","author":"Hegde","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Conserv. Dent."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(22)00085-7","article-title":"Effects of subcutaneous tirzepatide versus placebo or semaglutide on pancreatic islet function and insulin sensitivity in adults with type 2 diabetes: a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, parallel-arm, phase 1 clinical trial","volume":"10","author":"Heise","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.17796\/jcpd.28.1.yg6m443046k50u20","article-title":"Biological factors in dental caries: role of saliva and dental plaque in the dynamic process of demineralization and remineralization (part 1)","volume":"28","author":"Hicks","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pediatr. Dent."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"430426","DOI":"10.1155\/2009\/430426","article-title":"Salivary glucose concentration and excretion in normal and diabetic subjects","volume":"2009","author":"Jurysta","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Biotechnol."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4851","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btz469","article-title":"PhenoScanner V2: an expanded tool for searching human genotype-phenotype associations","volume":"35","author":"Kamat","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-018-0505-7","article-title":"A cross-sectional study on the association between vitamin D levels and caries in the permanent dentition of Korean children","volume":"18","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Oral Health"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-05473-8","article-title":"FinnGen provides genetic insights from a well-phenotyped isolated population","volume":"613","author":"Kurki","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.2337\/db20-0696","article-title":"Plasma metabolome and circulating vitamins stratified onset age of an initial islet autoantibody and progression to type 1 diabetes: the TEDDY study","volume":"70","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-016-1881-1","article-title":"Salivary profile in diabetic patients: biochemical and immunological evaluation","volume":"9","author":"Lima-Arag\u00e3o","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Res. Notes"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1009922","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1009922","article-title":"Combining the strengths of inverse-variance weighting and Egger regression in Mendelian randomization using a mixture of regressions model","volume":"17","author":"Lin","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS Genet."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1275","DOI":"10.1530\/EC-18-0191","article-title":"Serum vitamin D deficiency in children and adolescents is associated with type 1 diabetes mellitus","volume":"7","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Endocr. Connect."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-018-0307-5","article-title":"Association studies of up to 1.2 million individuals yield new insights into the genetic etiology of tobacco and alcohol use","volume":"51","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.14877","article-title":"Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and complications in type 1 and type 2 diabetes: A mendelian randomization study","volume":"25","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes. Metab."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S121","DOI":"10.5005\/jp-journals-10005-2325","article-title":"Evaluation of salivary components and dental plaque in relation to dental caries status in type 1 diabetes mellitus","volume":"15","author":"Manjushree","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Pediatr. Dent."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1003536","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1003536","article-title":"Vitamin D levels and risk of type 1 diabetes: A mendelian randomization study","volume":"18","author":"Manousaki","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS Med."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E12","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bdj.2010.290","article-title":"Dental caries and adolescents with type 1 diabetes","volume":"208","author":"Miko","year":"2010","journal-title":"Br. Dent. J."},{"key":"B43","first-page":"31","article-title":"Saliva: new interest in a nontraditional specimen","volume":"25","author":"Miller","year":"1993","journal-title":"Med. Lab. Obs."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379626","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/379626","article-title":"Periodontal diseases and dental caries in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus","volume":"2015","author":"Novotna","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mediat. Inflamm."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1111\/adj.12262","article-title":"Genetic factors affecting dental caries risk","volume":"60","author":"Opal","year":"2015","journal-title":"Aust. Dent. J."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.5114\/pedm.2020.93249","article-title":"Dental caries and periodontal status in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus","volume":"26","author":"Pacho\u0144ski","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pediatr. Endocrinol. Diabetes Metab."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.3390\/proteomes9030033","article-title":"Downregulation of salivary proteins, protective against dental caries, in type 1 diabetes","volume":"9","author":"Pappa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proteomes"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17030","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2017.30","article-title":"Dental caries","volume":"3","author":"Pitts","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Prim."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"902","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-014-3181-4","article-title":"Prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in pre-type 1 diabetes and its association with disease progression","volume":"57","author":"Raab","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-021-01803-w","article-title":"Associations between dental caries and systemic diseases: a scoping review","volume":"21","author":"Sabharwal","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Oral Health"},{"key":"B51","first-page":"152","article-title":"Dental caries-associated risk factors and type 1 diabetes mellitus","volume":"17","author":"Sampaio","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pediatr. Endocrinol. Diabetes Metab."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034515616335","article-title":"Vitamin D and dental caries in children","volume":"95","author":"Schroth","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)60031-2","article-title":"Dental caries","volume":"369","author":"Selwitz","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3296","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2020.10.054","article-title":"Fasting blood glucose and risk of stroke: A dose-response meta-analysis","volume":"40","author":"Shi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2773","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-10630-1","article-title":"Genome-wide analysis of dental caries and periodontitis combining clinical and self-reported data","volume":"10","author":"Shungin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1159\/000151582","article-title":"Dental caries increments and related factors in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus","volume":"42","author":"Siudikiene","year":"2008","journal-title":"Caries Res."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1614","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.18236","article-title":"Strengthening the reporting of observational studies in epidemiology using mendelian randomization: the STROBE-MR statement","volume":"326","author":"Skrivankova","year":"2021","journal-title":"Jama"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1111\/ipd.12766","article-title":"Methods for prevention of early childhood caries: overview of systematic reviews","volume":"31","author":"Soares","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Paediatr. Dent."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-022-01511-x","article-title":"Triglyceride-glucose index as a marker in cardiovascular diseases: landscape and limitations","volume":"21","author":"Tao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox12020383","article-title":"Antioxidant activity of essential oils","volume":"12","author":"Tit","year":"2023","journal-title":"Antioxidants (Basel)"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-018-0099-7","article-title":"Detection of widespread horizontal pleiotropy in causal relationships inferred from Mendelian randomization between complex traits and diseases","volume":"50","author":"Verbanck","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-019-0903-5","article-title":"Prevalence of dental caries in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"19","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Oral Health"},{"key":"B63","article-title":"WHO guidelines approved by the guidelines review committee","volume-title":"Use of glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) in the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus: Abbreviated report of a WHO consultation","year":"2011"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1214","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-016-3908-5","article-title":"Variants in the FTO and CDKAL1 loci have recessive effects on risk of obesity and type 2 diabetes, respectively","volume":"59","author":"Wood","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1003897","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1003897","article-title":"Genetically proxied therapeutic inhibition of antihypertensive drug targets and risk of common cancers: A mendelian randomization analysis","volume":"19","author":"Yarmolinsky","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS Med."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.2337\/dc21-1049","article-title":"Clinically relevant circulating protein biomarkers for type 1 diabetes: evidence from a two-sample mendelian randomization study","volume":"45","author":"Yazdanpanah","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e14805","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.14805","article-title":"Health system responses for type 1 diabetes: A scoping review","volume":"39","author":"Zafra-Tanaka","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diabet. Med."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.14801","article-title":"Causal relationship between type 1 diabetes and hypothyroidism: A mendelian randomization study","volume":"97","author":"Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf)"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Genetics"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fgene.2023.1230113\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,10]],"date-time":"2023-10-10T02:39:23Z","timestamp":1696905563000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fgene.2023.1230113\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,10]]},"references-count":68,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fgene.2023.1230113"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fgene.2023.1230113","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-8021"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-8021","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,10]]},"article-number":"1230113"}}