{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T19:28:10Z","timestamp":1767900490556,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,24]],"date-time":"2024-05-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1716508800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Genet."],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Background:<\/jats:bold> While clinical research has indicated a potential link between <jats:italic>Helicobacter pylori<\/jats:italic> infection and the onset of glaucoma, the causality of this association remains uncertain due to the susceptibility of observational studies to confounding factors and reverse causation.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Methods:<\/jats:bold> A comprehensive two-sample bidirectional Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis was conducted to assess the causal connection between <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic> infection and glaucoma. Glaucoma was categorized into primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG), normal tension glaucoma (NTG), and pseudo-exfoliation glaucoma (PEG). Various methods, including inverse variance weighted, MR-Egger regression, weighted median, and mode-based estimator, were employed for effect estimation and pleiotropy testing. To enhance result robustness, a sensitivity analysis was performed by excluding proxy single nucleotide polymorphisms.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold> Genetic predisposition for <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic> infection has no causal effect on glaucoma: (OR 1.00; 95% CI 0.95\u20131.06, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.980), (OR 0.97; 95% CI 0.86\u20131.09, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.550), and (OR 0.99; 95% CI 0.90\u20131.08, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.766) with POAG, NTG, and PEG, respectively. An inverse MR showed no causal effect of POAG, NTG, and PEG on <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic> infection (OR 1.01; 95% CI 0.97\u20131.05, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.693), (OR 1.00; 95% CI 0.98\u20131.03, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.804), and (OR 0.99; 95% CI 0.96\u20131.01, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.363), respectively. Heterogeneity (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;gt; 0.05) and pleiotropy (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;gt; 0.05) analysis confirmed the robustness of MR results.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusion:<\/jats:bold> These results indicated that there was no genetic evidence for a causal link between <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic> and glaucoma, suggesting that the eradication or prevention of <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic> infection might not benefit glaucoma and <jats:italic>vice versa<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2024.1368915","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,24]],"date-time":"2024-05-24T04:44:12Z","timestamp":1716525852000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Absence of causative genetic association between Helicobacter pylori infection and glaucoma: a bidirectional two-sample mendelian randomization study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Yan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yihong","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuyu","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jinying","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wanzhu","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Danfeng","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maosheng","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"a041302","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a041302","article-title":"Mendelian randomization","volume":"12","author":"Birney","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. 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