{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T21:41:43Z","timestamp":1791582103676,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,29]],"date-time":"2024-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722211200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Genet."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Tibial dyschondroplasia (TD) is a severe bone disease that affects fast-growing broiler chickens and causes economic loss. Despite previous studies, the regulatory mechanism of TD remains unclear and is thought to be primarily based on thiram induction, which may differ from that of naturally occurring diseases. To better understand TD, a digital X-ray machine was used in the present study to determine its incidence in four hundred yellow-feathered broiler chickens. The results showed that the incidence of TD was 22% after 6\u00a0weeks and gradually decreased after 8 and 10\u00a0weeks. The body weight of broilers with TD decreased significantly compared to that of NTD broilers. In addition, the length and density of the tibia were reduced after eight and 10\u00a0weeks, and the density of the tibia was reduced after 6\u00a0weeks compared with the NTD chickens. This study also examined tibial quality parameters from TD (n = 12) and NTD broilers (n = 12) and found that bone mineral content, bone mineral density, bone ash content, calcium content, and phosphorus content were significantly reduced in TD broilers. Transcriptome analysis revealed 849 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the growth plate between TD (n = 6) and NTD groups (n = 6). These genes were enriched in ECM-receptor interaction, cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, calcium signaling pathway, and TGF-\u03b2 signaling. Genes encoding the alpha chain of type XII collagen, that is, <jats:italic>COL1A1<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>COL5A1<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>COL8A1<\/jats:italic>) were identified as critical in the regulatory network of TD. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) revealed that the pathways of cartilage development, circulatory system development, and nervous system development were changed in the growth plates of TD birds. In the blood transcriptome, 12 DEGs were found in TD (n = 4) and NTD chickens (n = 4), and GSEA revealed that the pathways from TD broilers\u2019 blood related to the phagosome, linoleic acid metabolism, monoatomic ion homeostasis, and calcium ion transport were downregulated. This study provides a comprehensive understanding of TD, including its effects on tibial quality, tibial changes, and the circulatory system, along with identifying important genes that may lead to the development of TD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2024.1434532","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,29]],"date-time":"2024-07-29T04:24:42Z","timestamp":1722227082000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Transcriptome analysis reveals the pathogenesis of spontaneous tibial dyschondroplasia in broilers"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Kai","family":"Shi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yongfu","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xusheng","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiangping","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuesong","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chungang","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dongfeng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10579","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-023-08839-x","article-title":"Conjugated linoleic acid and glucosamine supplements may prevent bone loss in aging by regulating the RANKL\/RANK\/OPG pathway","volume":"50","author":"Abdulrahman","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Rep."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4021","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.17437","article-title":"The effect of carbamazepine on bone structure and strength in control and osteogenesis imperfecta (Col1a2 +\/p.G610C) mice","volume":"26","author":"Blank","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Cell Mol. Med."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153865","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153865","article-title":"Chlorogenic acid suppresses mitochondrial apoptotic effectors Bax\/Bak to counteract Nod-like receptor pyrin domain 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome in thiram exposed chondrocytes","volume":"95","author":"Fakhar-E-Alam Kulyar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"994","DOI":"10.1093\/ps\/79.7.994","article-title":"Chondrocytes and longitudinal bone growth: the development of tibial dyschondroplasia","volume":"79","author":"Farquharson","year":"2000","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1619","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.2012-02207","article-title":"The effect of inhibition of heat-shock proteins on thiram-induced tibial dyschondroplasia","volume":"91","author":"Genin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"B6","first-page":"287","article-title":"An outbreak of thiram poisoning on Spanish poultry farms","volume":"38","author":"Guitart","year":"1996","journal-title":"Veterinary Hum. Toxicol."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2020.10.002","article-title":"Cellular, molecular and genetical overview of avian tibial dyschondroplasia","volume":"135","author":"Jahejo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Res. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-020-6456-9","article-title":"Transcriptome-based screening of intracellular pathways and angiogenesis related genes at different stages of thiram induced tibial lesions in broiler chickens","volume":"21","author":"Jahejo","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Genomics"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.3390\/ani9030082","article-title":"Effect of anacardic acid against thiram induced tibial dyschondroplasia in chickens via regulation of Wnt4 expression","volume":"9","author":"Jiang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Anim. (Basel)"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103534","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2024.103534","article-title":"miR-206a-3p suppresses the proliferation and differentiation of chicken chondrocytes in tibial dyschondroplasia by targeting BMP6","volume":"103","author":"Jiang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.1017\/S1751731116002160","article-title":"Perches and elevated platforms in commercial broiler farms: use and effect on walking ability, incidence of tibial dyschondroplasia and bone mineral content","volume":"11","author":"Kaukonen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Animal"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1071562","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2022.1071562","article-title":"Untargeted metabolomics reveals the effect of rearing systems on bone quality parameters in chickens","volume":"13","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Genet."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2007.11.008","article-title":"Effects of high dietary vitamin A supplementation on tibial dyschondroplasia, skin pigmentation and growth performance in avian broilers","volume":"84","author":"Li","year":"2008","journal-title":"Res. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1007\/s12602-020-09670-7","article-title":"Lactobacillus rhamnosus JYLR-005 prevents thiram-induced tibial dyschondroplasia by enhancing bone-related growth performance in chickens","volume":"13","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Probiotics Antimicrob. Proteins"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133928","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.133928","article-title":"Thiram exposure in environment: a critical review on cytotoxicity","volume":"295","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113924","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2022.113924","article-title":"Comprehensive analysis of differently expression mRNA and non-coding RNAs, and their regulatory mechanisms on relationship in thiram-induced tibial dyschondroplasia in chicken","volume":"242","author":"Lu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1637\/11641-032817-RegR","article-title":"In vitro effect of apigenin and danshen in tibial dyschondroplasia through inhibition of heat-shock protein 90 and vascular endothelial growth factor expressions in avian growth plate cells","volume":"61","author":"Mehmood","year":"2017","journal-title":"Avian Dis."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130368","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2022.130368","article-title":"Thiram-induced hyperglycemia causes tibial dyschondroplasia by triggering aberrant ECM remodeling via the gut-pancreas axis in broiler chickens","volume":"444","author":"Mo","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Hazard Mater"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3750","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13243750","article-title":"Homeostatic regulation of pro-angiogenic and anti-angiogenic proteins via hedgehog, notch grid, and ephrin signaling in tibial dyschondroplasia","volume":"13","author":"Nawaz","year":"2023","journal-title":"Anim. (Basel)"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1492","DOI":"10.1093\/ps\/77.10.1492","article-title":"Effect of housing birds in cages or an aviary system on bone characteristics","volume":"77","author":"Newman","year":"1998","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1590\/S1516-635X2012000200007","article-title":"Evaluation of a radiographic method to detect tibial dyschondroplasia lesions in broilers","volume":"14","author":"Pelicia","year":"2012","journal-title":"Braz. J. Poult. Sci."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.172305","article-title":"The autophagy-mediated mechanism via TSC1\/mTOR signaling pathway in thiram-induced tibial dyschondroplasia of broilers","volume":"928","author":"Quan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pev209","article-title":"Housing conditions alter properties of the tibia and humerus during the laying phase in Lohmann white Leghorn hens","volume":"95","author":"Regmi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.0550145","article-title":"Selection of broiler chickens for a high and low incidence of tibial dyschondroplasia with observations on spondylolisthesis and twisted legs (perosis)","volume":"55","author":"Riddel","year":"1976","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1080\/03079457.2014.987210","article-title":"Differential expression of extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer (EMMPRIN\/CD147) in avian tibial dyschondroplasia","volume":"44","author":"Shahzad","year":"2015","journal-title":"Avian Pathol."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.3390\/genes13050798","article-title":"Transcriptome analysis reveals the differentially expressed genes associated with growth in guangxi partridge chickens","volume":"13","author":"Shao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Genes (Basel)"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100933","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2020.12.030","article-title":"Effects of the housing environment and laying hen strain on tibia and femur bone properties of different laying phases of Hy-Line hens","volume":"100","author":"Sharma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.3923\/ijps.2007.242.244","article-title":"Clinicopathological investigation on thiram toxicosis in broiler chicken","volume":"6","author":"Subapriya","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Poult. Sci."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105649","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pestbp.2023.105649","article-title":"miR-181b-1-3p affects the proliferation and differentiation of chondrocytes in TD broilers through the WIF1\/Wnt\/\u03b2-catenin pathway","volume":"197","author":"Sun","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pestic. Biochem. Physiol."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2021.08.018","article-title":"Manganese deficiency induces avian tibial dyschondroplasia by inhibiting chondrocyte proliferation and differentiation","volume":"140","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Res. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105817","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pestbp.2024.105817","article-title":"Molecular mechanism of miR-203a targeting Runx2 to regulate thiram induced-chondrocyte development","volume":"200","author":"Wu","year":"","journal-title":"Pestic. Biochem. Physiol."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105847","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pestbp.2024.105847","article-title":"Molecular mechanism of thiram-induced abnormal chondrocyte proliferation via lncRNA MSTRG.74.1-BNIP3 axis","volume":"201","author":"Wu","year":"","journal-title":"Pestic. Biochem. Physiol."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1080\/713654985","article-title":"Effects of divergent selection for incidence of tibial dyschondroplasia (TD) on purebred and crossbred performance. 1. TD incidence and calcium and phosphorus plasma concentrations","volume":"41","author":"Yal\u00e7in","year":"2000","journal-title":"Br. Poult. Sci."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2020.111194","article-title":"Effect of total flavonoids of Rhizoma Drynariae in thiram induced cystotoxicity of chondrocyte via BMP-2\/Runx2 and IHH\/PTHrP expressions","volume":"206","author":"Yao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12056","DOI":"10.1002\/jev2.12056","article-title":"Exosomes derived from osteogenic tumor activate osteoclast differentiation and concurrently inhibit osteogenesis by transferring COL1A1-targeting miRNA-92a-1-5p","volume":"10","author":"Yu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Extracell. Vesicles"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"910","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.0740910","article-title":"Genetic correlations of tibial dyschondroplasia incidence with carcass traits in broilers","volume":"74","author":"Zhang","year":"1995","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Genetics"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fgene.2024.1434532\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,29]],"date-time":"2024-07-29T04:24:47Z","timestamp":1722227087000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fgene.2024.1434532\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,29]]},"references-count":36,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fgene.2024.1434532"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fgene.2024.1434532","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-8021"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-8021","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,29]]},"article-number":"1434532"}}