{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T15:56:31Z","timestamp":1753890991118,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":90,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,21]],"date-time":"2025-03-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742515200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Genet."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Although age is the most important non-modifiable risk factor for cerebral stroke, it is also apparent that females commonly exhibit longer lifespan and better outcome after stroke compared to the age-matched males. A critical event after stroke is the peripheral infiltration of immune cells across damaged blood-brain barrier, which induces inflammatory and immune responses within the brain parenchyma and consequently worsen brain injury. These events are also dependent on age and display a sex different pattern. Theoretically, X chromosome-encoded differential expression genes (DEGs) may explain differences between the sexes. However, the expression and regulation of these DEGs after stroke have not been studied in detail.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We conducted three datasets of human blood cells, mice brain, mice microglia and T cells that were previously published, and analyzed the contribution of gender, age and stroke insult on the X chromosome-encoded DEGs.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The main findings were (i) compared to age, the stroke\/hypoxia was a more potent factor in eliciting the DEGs. Particularly, older stroke patients exhibited more changes compared to young stroke group. (ii) After a stroke, the DEGs was diversely influenced by sex, age and cell types being studied. Particularly, either aging or gender led to more striking changes in brain-infiltrating T cells than in the resident immune cells.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>These findings highlight the complex interplay between sex, age, and immune responses in mediating stroke incidence and outcome. Investigation of the identified X chromosome-encoded genes in brain-infiltrating T cells deserves high priority, as they may play more important roles in explaining gender-related differences in stroke and brain injury.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2025.1479270","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,21]],"date-time":"2025-03-21T07:26:49Z","timestamp":1742542009000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Profiling X chromosome genes expression relevant to sex dimorphism in stroke: insights from transcriptomics landscape analysis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Xiu-De","family":"Qin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yue-Rong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qian","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jia-Ye","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhao-Hui","family":"Dang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Li-Ling","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jia-Wei","family":"Min","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shao-Hua","family":"Qi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fan","family":"Bu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9996958","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/9996958","article-title":"Comparison of ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke in the medical ward of dessie referral hospital, northeast Ethiopia: a retrospective study","volume":"2021","author":"Abdu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurol. 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