{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T00:53:46Z","timestamp":1792025626038,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,26]],"date-time":"2025-02-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740528000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Genet."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Leeches are well known for blood-feeding habits and are widely used for medicinal purposes as they secrete various antithrombotic substances. However, some leeches exhibit non-hematophagous habits and their significance for medicinal use is controversial. Here we provide the chromosome-level genomes of two non-hematophagous leeches,\n                    <jats:italic>Whitmania acranulata<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Whitmania laevis<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and, in combination with previous results from\n                    <jats:italic>Whitmania pigra<\/jats:italic>\n                    , we compared these genomes with an emphasis on antithrombotic biomolecules. All three species had the same chromosome number of 11. The genome size, repeat site percentage, and number of protein-coding genes of\n                    <jats:italic>W. laevis<\/jats:italic>\n                    (173.87 Mb, 28.28%, 23,818) were similar to those of\n                    <jats:italic>W. pigra<\/jats:italic>\n                    (169.37 Mb, 27.02%, 24,156), whereas these values of\n                    <jats:italic>W. acranulata<\/jats:italic>\n                    (181.72 Mb, 29.55%, 27,069) were higher than those of the other two leeches.\n                    <jats:italic>W. laevis<\/jats:italic>\n                    was a monophyletic clade of\n                    <jats:italic>W. pigra<\/jats:italic>\n                    , whereas\n                    <jats:italic>W. acranulata<\/jats:italic>\n                    had a paraphyletic relationship with\n                    <jats:italic>W. pigra<\/jats:italic>\n                    . The number of antithrombotic genes in\n                    <jats:italic>W. laevis<\/jats:italic>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 76) was similar to that of\n                    <jats:italic>W. pigra<\/jats:italic>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 79), whereas\n                    <jats:italic>W. acranulata<\/jats:italic>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 102) had apparently more such genes. Of the 21 gene families, 9 and 11 were differentially expressed in\n                    <jats:italic>W. acranulata<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>W. laevis<\/jats:italic>\n                    compared to\n                    <jats:italic>W. pigra<\/jats:italic>\n                    , respectively. The expression profiles of the antithrombotic gene families were more similar between\n                    <jats:italic>W. acranulata<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>W. laevis<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Although there were several cases of gene loss or pseudogenization, most antithrombotic genes of the three\n                    <jats:italic>Whitmania<\/jats:italic>\n                    species were intact and transcribable. These results provide valuable insights into the evolution of non-hematophagous leeches and development of antithrombotic drugs.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2025.1548006","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,26]],"date-time":"2025-02-26T02:19:40Z","timestamp":1740536380000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Comparative genomics of three non-hematophagous leeches (Whitmania spp.) with emphasis on antithrombotic biomolecules"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Fang","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zuhao","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lizhou","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenting","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zichao","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gonghua","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-020-6748-0","article-title":"Draft genome sequences of Hirudo medicinalis and salivary transcriptome of three closely related medicinal leeches","volume":"21","author":"Babenko","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Genomics"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ympev.2003.09.002","article-title":"Arhynchobdellida (Annelida: Oligochaeta: Hirudinida): phylogenetic relationships and evolution","volume":"30","author":"Borda","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mol. 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