{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,8]],"date-time":"2026-03-08T03:19:40Z","timestamp":1772939980826,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,26]],"date-time":"2025-05-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748217600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Genet."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), enters human cells using the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE-2) receptor. ACE2 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) can influence susceptibility by affecting viral binding or gene expression. This study investigated the association between ACE2 SNPs, rs2285666 and rs2106809, and the SARS-CoV-2 infection susceptibility in a Ghanaian population.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Genomic DNA was extracted, using a magnetic bead-based method, from blood samples of a random-subset of 1,334 participants drawn from a two-stage cluster, population-based household cross-sectional SARS-CoV-2 IgG seroprevalence survey. Data collected included, socio-demographic characteristics, medical history, vaccination, and smoking status. Genotyping of the ACE2 SNPs was performed using Allele-Specific Oligonucleotide Polymerase Chain Reaction (ASO-PCR) combined with melting curve analysis. Logistic regression models were utilized to assess the association between the ACE2 SNPs and the susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The median age of participants was 33 [Interquartile range (IQR) = 24\u201346] years. Females accounted for the majority of the sampled population, 64.3%. SARS-CoV-2-IgG seropositivity was (58.4%, 95%CI: 52.6%\u201364.2%) among the male population and (54.1%, 95%CI: 49.54%\u201358.61%) in the female population. There were no significant differences in overall allele or genotype frequencies of ACE2 SNPs between SARS-CoV-2 IgG seropositive and seronegative individuals for both females and males. Among females, those with the T allele of ACE2 rs2285666 had a 38% decreased susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection under the dominant [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 0.62; 95%CI = 0.45\u20130.85, P = 0.003] and heterozygous advantage models (aOR = 0.62; 95%CI = 0.45\u20130.86, P = 0.004), after adjusting for confounders, but not thee recessive model (aOR = 0.41; 95%CI = 0.03\u20135.22, P = 0.490). No significant association was observed among males. Overall, the ACE2 rs2106809 was not associated with the susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection in both males and females.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study found no association between ACE2 rs2106809 genetic variant and susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection, whilst the rs2285666 T-allele was associated with a decreased frequency for SARS-CoV-2 infection among Ghanaian females. These findings enhance our understanding of genetic factors influencing SARS-CoV-2 susceptibility, which could help identify at-risk populations and inform more targeted public health interventions in future outbreaks.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2025.1555515","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,26]],"date-time":"2025-05-26T05:17:01Z","timestamp":1748236621000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Genetic association of ACE2 rs2285666 (C&gt;T) and rs2106809 (A&gt;G) and susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection among the Ghanaian population"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Alexander 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