{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T02:59:05Z","timestamp":1792205945221,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,10]],"date-time":"2025-06-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749513600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Genet."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Klinefelter syndrome (KS) is the most common genetic cause of male infertility in humans. Mosaic KS is a subtype of KS. Due to its low prevalence, the lack of typical clinical signs, and the limited professional awareness of the syndrome, many cases of mosaic KS remain undiagnosed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To investigate the prevalence of rare mosaic KS, karyotype characteristics, reproductive hormone levels, and sperm quality in southern China, and to enrich our knowledge of patients with mosaic KS.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The chromosome results of 8,110 cases of infertile male patients attending the Reproductive Center of Yulin Maternal and Child Health Hospital from January 2018 to July 2024 were retrospectively analyzed. Semen, sex hormone tests, and Y chromosome microdeletions were analyzed in fourteen selected patients with a diagnosis of mosaic KS.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Among the 8,110 male infertility patients, a total of 0.703% (57\/8,110) were diagnosed with KS. Of these, 0.530% (43\/8,110) had the typical non-mosaic chromosomal karyotype of 47, XXY, while 0.172% (14\/8,110) demonstrated mosaicism. Non-mosaic KS accounted for 75.44% (43\/57), whereas mosaic KS accounted for 24.56% (14\/57). Among the fourteen patients diagnosed with mosaic KS, the predominant chromosomal karyotype was 47,XXY\/46,XY, observed in eleven patients, accounting for 78.57% of the cases. Additionally, one patient exhibited a chromosomal karyotype of 47,XXY [29]\/46,XX [78]. Another patient had 47,XXY [92]\/48,XXXY [3]\/46,XY [5], and a third patient presented with 47,XXY [87]\/46,XX [3]\/46,XY [2]. The semen analysis of individuals with mosaic KS revealed two cases of azoospermia, one case of cryptozoospermia, one case of severe oligospermia, one case of oligospermia, and ten cases of normal sperm. The results of the sex hormone analysis revealed abnormal increases in serum follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) levels in four patients diagnosed with mosaic KS. Additionally, two patients with mosaic KS exhibited higher luteinizing hormone (LH) and testosterone (TT) levels compared to the normal range, while four patients had lower estradiol (E2) levels than the normal range. Among the fourteen patients with mosaic KS, four couples underwent assisted reproductive technology at our hospital for fertility assistance. Of these four couples, two successfully gave birth to a healthy child.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The prevalence of mosaic KS among male infertility patients in southern China is 0.172% (14\/8,110), with the predominant chromosomal karyotype being 47,XXY\/46,XY, accounting for 78.57% (11\/14) of the cases. Patients with mosaic KS may present with various sperm conditions, including azoospermia, cryptozoospermia, severe oligozoospermia, oligozoospermia, and normal sperm. There is a notable correlation between sperm count and the number of abnormal cell karyotypes in these patients; specifically, a higher number of abnormal chromosomal mosaic cells is associated with a lower sperm count. In comparison to non-mosaic KS patients, those with mosaic KS exhibit a lower rate of azoospermia. In summary, patients with rare mosaic KS in southern China demonstrate significant heterogeneity in sperm production, hormonal levels, and genetics. These patients can achieve biological fatherhood through assisted reproductive techniques, and mosaic KS does not appear to impact the success rate of these techniques. However, due to the low prevalence and limited sample size, more data is necessary to confirm these findings.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2025.1573292","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,10]],"date-time":"2025-06-10T05:22:30Z","timestamp":1749532950000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Prevalence, spermatozoa, hormonal, and genetic evaluation of rare mosaic klinefelter syndrome patients in southern China"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Derong","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuqing","family":"Lai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yujuan","family":"Liao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinjie","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yudi","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yunning","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bowen","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lingling","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guosheng","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keng","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Feifei","family":"Lei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liuping","family":"Lan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.4274\/jcrpe.5121","article-title":"Klinefelter syndrome in childhood: variability in clinical and molecular findings","volume":"10","author":"Akcan","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Res. Pediatr. Endocrinol."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.c.31794","article-title":"Minipuberty in Klinefelter syndrome: current status and future directions","volume":"184","author":"Aksglaede","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Med. Genet. Part C, Seminars Med. Genet."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.c.31349","article-title":"47,XXY Klinefelter syndrome: clinical characteristics and age-specific recommendations for medical management","author":"Aksglaede","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Med. Genet. Part C, Seminars Med. Genet."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/12.4.746","article-title":"Physiological relationships between inhibin B, follicle stimulating hormone secretion and spermatogenesis in normal men and response to gonadotrophin suppression by exogenous testosterone","volume":"12","author":"Anderson","year":"1997","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod. Oxf. Engl."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"F1000","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.16747.1","article-title":"Recent advances in managing and understanding Klinefelter syndrome","volume":"8","author":"Bearelly","year":"2019","journal-title":"F1000Research"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1002\/ca.22695","article-title":"Anatomical and clinical aspects of Klinefelter's syndrome","volume":"29","author":"Bird","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Anat. (New York, NY)"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2002-021491","article-title":"Prenatal and postnatal prevalence of Klinefelter syndrome: a national registry study","volume":"88","author":"Bojesen","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. metabolism"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.12891\/ceog3245.2017","article-title":"Cytogenetic analysis of 10,286 cases with male infertility","volume":"44","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. obstetrics and Gynecol."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1159\/000316604","article-title":"Klinefelter's syndrome: a clinical and therapeutical update","volume":"4","author":"Forti","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sex. Dev. Genet. Mol. Biol. Evol. Endocrinol. embryology, pathology sex Determ. Differ."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gde.2006.04.011","article-title":"Meiosis and sex chromosome aneuploidy: how meiotic errors cause aneuploidy; how aneuploidy causes meiotic errors","volume":"16","author":"Hall","year":"2006","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Genet. and Dev."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.2011.tb04141.x","article-title":"The prevalence and diagnosis rates of Klinefelter syndrome: an Australian comparison","volume":"194","author":"Herlihy","year":"2011","journal-title":"Med. J. Aust."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.5489\/cuaj.10050","article-title":"CUA Guideline: the workup of azoospermic males","volume":"4","author":"Jarvi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Can. Urological Assoc. J. = J. de l'Association des urologues du Can."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2007.03.056","article-title":"Clinical comparison of successful and failed microdissection testicular sperm extraction in patients with nonmosaic Klinefelter syndrome","volume":"70","author":"Koga","year":"2007","journal-title":"Urology."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)16678-6","article-title":"Klinefelter's syndrome","volume":"364","author":"Lanfranco","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lancet London, Engl."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1596","DOI":"10.1007\/s00261-016-0713-z","article-title":"Testis ultrasound in Klinefelter syndrome infertile men: making the diagnosis and avoiding inappropriate management","volume":"41","author":"Rocher","year":"2016","journal-title":"Abdom. Radiol. (New York)"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.2147\/TACG.S180450","article-title":"Update on the clinical perspectives and care of the child with 47,XXY (klinefelter syndrome)","volume":"12","author":"Samango-Sprouse","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Clin. Genet."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1007\/s40618-018-0989-7","article-title":"Incidence of Y chromosome microdeletions in patients with Klinefelter syndrome","volume":"42","author":"Sciarra","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol. investigation"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1530\/EDM-18-0108","article-title":"A rare variety of congenital adrenal hyperplasia with mosaic Klinefelter syndrome: a unique combination presenting with ambiguous genitalia and sexual precocity","volume":"2018","author":"Shehab","year":"2018","journal-title":"Endocrinol. diabetes and metabolism case Rep."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Genetics"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fgene.2025.1573292\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,10]],"date-time":"2025-06-10T05:22:31Z","timestamp":1749532951000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fgene.2025.1573292\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,10]]},"references-count":18,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fgene.2025.1573292"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fgene.2025.1573292","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-8021"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-8021","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,10]]},"article-number":"1573292"}}