{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T19:05:01Z","timestamp":1785438301110,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,14]],"date-time":"2025-10-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760400000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Genet."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Heart failure (HF) represents the end stage of cardiovascular disease and is the leading cause of mortality. The objective of this study was to identify potential biomarkers and elucidate the mechanisms underlying the development of HF across diverse populations and among different genders.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study strictly included five datasets of HF with dilated cardiomyopathy: GSE141910 (African American and Caucasian), GSE57345 (USA), GSE21610 (Germany), GSE17800 (Germany), and GSE42955 (Spain). These datasets were merged and normalized as the validation set. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified through differential expression analysis, and module genes were identified using weighted gene co-expression network analysis. Subsequent stratification by gender and ethnicity (African American, Caucasian, German, and Spanish) was performed, followed by immune infiltration analysis. Finally, the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression, support vector machine-recursive feature elimination (SVM-REF), and random forest (RF) models were used to screen for Hub genes and to construct a nomogram predicting the occurrence of HF in different populations based on these Hub genes. Additionally, GSE3585, GSE120895, GSE5406, and GSE1145 serve as the validation set.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 650 samples were included (323 controls and 327 HF samples), including 122 African American samples (44 controls and 78 HF samples), 238 Caucasian samples (122 controls and 116 HF samples), 55 German samples (16 controls and 39 HF samples), and 17 Spanish samples (5 controls and 12 HF samples). Functional enrichment analysis demonstrated that the pathogenesis of HF is closely related to the inflammatory response, immune response, vascular regulation, the Wnt signaling pathway, glutathione metabolism, sphingolipid metabolism, and apoptosis. Immune infiltration analysis showed that HF patients exhibited a high abundance of resting mast cells, resting NK cells, CD8T cells, resting memory CD4 T cells, activated memory CD4 T cells, M1 Macrophages, naive CD4 T cells, M0 Macrophages, regulatory T cells (Tregs), follicular helper T cells, Monocytes, and activated NK cells, and a lower abundance of plasma cells, neutrophils, and eosinophils. Multiple machine learning analyses identified MYH6, ASPN, and COL14A1 as Hub genes, NAP1L3, PLEKHH2, MOXD1, CCDC80, CA14, and SERPINE2 as male-specific, CX3CR1, SYN2, and SLC25A18 as female-specific, and NQO1, KAZALD1, and UBASH3A as African American male-specific, SYN2 as African American female-specific, CD83, C1QTNF3, GRB14, and MOXD1 as Caucasian male-specific, CD83, VIT, and PODXL2 as Caucasian female-specific, LSAMP and C14orf132 as German male-specific, and LSAMP and BMP4 as German female-specific, CIART and SNORA80E as Spanish-specific DEGs. Hub genes are strongly associated with M1 macrophages.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The biomarkers of HF vary significantly across different populations and genders. MYH6, ASPN, and COL14A1 may be potential biomarkers for HF in dilated cardiomyopathy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2025.1618390","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T22:10:11Z","timestamp":1760393411000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Identification of key genes for heart failure in dilated cardiomyopathy in different populations"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Yue","family":"Yu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chentian","family":"Xue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dong","family":"Ji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Sheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiang","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xize","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chengyan","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569-022-00718-5","article-title":"Non-canonical WNT signalling in cardiovascular disease: mechanisms and therapeutic implications","volume":"19","author":"Akoumianakis","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cardiol."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehs330","article-title":"Myocardial gene expression profiles and cardiodepressant autoantibodies predict response of patients with dilated cardiomyopathy to immunoadsorption therapy","volume":"34","author":"Ameling","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8427","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M805582200","article-title":"Type XIV collagen regulates fibrillogenesis: premature collagen fibril growth and tissue dysfunction in null mice","volume":"284","author":"Ansorge","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1610","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2006.07.026","article-title":"Identification of a common gene expression signature in dilated cardiomyopathy across independent microarray studies","volume":"48","author":"Barth","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hlc.2023.05.019","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of mavacamten in the treatment of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: a systematic review","volume":"32","author":"Bishev","year":"2023","journal-title":"Heart Lung Circ."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.2817","article-title":"Sex differences in heart failure: the evolving use of biomarkers","volume":"25","author":"Blumer","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. J. Heart Fail"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e31097","DOI":"10.1097\/md.0000000000031097","article-title":"Construction and analysis of heart failure diagnosis model based on random forest and artificial neural network","volume":"101","author":"Boyang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Med. Baltim."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4622","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehad637","article-title":"Mavacamten: a first-in-class myosin inhibitor for obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy","volume":"44","author":"Braunwald","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"D1227","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkad1040","article-title":"DGIdb 5.0: rebuilding the drug-gene interaction database for precision medicine and drug discovery platforms","volume":"52","author":"Cannon","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1007\/s10741-021-10105-w","article-title":"Biomarkers for the diagnosis and management of heart failure","volume":"27","author":"Castiglione","year":"2022","journal-title":"Heart Fail Rev."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-7493-1_12","article-title":"Profiling tumor infiltrating immune cells with CIBERSORT","volume":"1711","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8671","DOI":"10.3934\/mbe.2022402","article-title":"Predicting potential biomarkers and immune infiltration characteristics in heart failure","volume":"19","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Math. Biosci. Eng."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1186\/s12872-023-03400-x","article-title":"Identification of crucial genes related to heart failure based on GEO database","volume":"23","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Cardiovasc Disord."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-3578-9_5","article-title":"The gene expression omnibus database","volume":"1418","author":"Clough","year":"2016","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(17)32520-5","article-title":"Temporal trends and patterns in heart failure incidence: a population-based study of 4 million individuals","volume":"391","author":"Conrad","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2379","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehaa183","article-title":"Effects of dapagliflozin in DAPA-HF according to background heart failure therapy","volume":"41","author":"Docherty","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1186\/s13148-019-0730-1","article-title":"Statistical predictions with glmnet","volume":"11","author":"Engebretsen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Epigenetics"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1186\/s12920-022-01221-z","article-title":"Integrative analyses of biomarkers and pathways for heart failure","volume":"15","author":"Fan","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Med. Genomics"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17982","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-97493-z","article-title":"Early activation of the cardiac CX3CL1\/CX3CR1 axis delays \u03b2-adrenergic-induced heart failure","volume":"11","author":"Flamant","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1161\/circresaha.119.311148","article-title":"The extracellular matrix in ischemic and nonischemic heart failure","volume":"125","author":"Frangogiannis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1186\/s12872-019-1117-0","article-title":"C1q\/TNF-related protein 3 (CTRP3) and 9 (CTRP9) concentrations are decreased in patients with heart failure and are associated with increased morbidity and mortality","volume":"19","author":"Gao","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Cardiovasc Disord."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btg405","article-title":"affy--analysis of affymetrix GeneChip data at the probe level","volume":"20","author":"Gautier","year":"2004","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.2147\/ijgm.S349235","article-title":"Identification of hub diagnostic biomarkers and candidate therapeutic drugs in heart failure","volume":"15","author":"Guo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Gen. Med."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchf.2023.01.014","article-title":"Race-based analyses in heart failure clinical trials: what makes them informative?","volume":"11","author":"Hale","year":"2023","journal-title":"JACC Heart Fail"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1269","DOI":"10.1161\/circulationaha.106.632430","article-title":"Transcriptional genomics associates FOX transcription factors with human heart failure","volume":"114","author":"Hannenhalli","year":"2006","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1161\/HHF.0b013e318291329a","article-title":"Forecasting the impact of heart failure in the United States: a policy statement from the American Heart Association","volume":"6","author":"Heidenreich","year":"2013","journal-title":"Circ. Heart Fail"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1150","DOI":"10.1161\/01.res.0000022879.57270.11","article-title":"Small amounts of alpha-myosin heavy chain isoform expression significantly increase power output of rat cardiac myocyte fragments","volume":"90","author":"Herron","year":"2002","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1007\/s11626-024-00917-z","article-title":"Wnt signaling in cardiac development and heart diseases","volume":"60","author":"Horitani","year":"2024","journal-title":"Vitro Cell Dev. Biol. Anim."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matbio.2022.04.005","article-title":"Asporin, an extracellular matrix protein, is a beneficial regulator of cardiac remodeling","volume":"110","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Matrix Biol."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5375","DOI":"10.2147\/jir.S470860","article-title":"Combining bulk and single cell RNA-Sequencing data to identify hub genes of fibroblasts in dilated cardiomyopathy","volume":"17","author":"Huang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Inflamm. Res."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cardiores.2004.07.017","article-title":"Inhibition of TGF-beta signaling exacerbates early cardiac dysfunction but prevents late remodeling after infarction","volume":"64","author":"Ikeuchi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Res."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1186\/s12859-015-0623-z","article-title":"MetaDiff: differential isoform expression analysis using random-effects meta-regression","volume":"16","author":"Jia","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Bioinforma."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1186\/s12872-025-04954-8","article-title":"Global and Chinese perspectives on the growing burden of heart failure: trends, gender, and age-related differences (1990-2021) based on GBD 2021 data","volume":"25","author":"Kang","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Cardiovasc Disord."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2019.306621","article-title":"Educational recommendations on selected analytical and clinical aspects of natriuretic peptides with a focus on heart failure: a Report from the IFCC Committee on clinical applications of cardiac bio-markers","volume":"65","author":"Kavsak","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1161\/circresaha.123.322629","article-title":"Danicamtiv increases myosin recruitment and alters cross-bridge cycling in cardiac muscle","volume":"133","author":"Kooiker","year":"2023","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2021.10.006","article-title":"Sex differences in heart failure","volume":"28","author":"Lala","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Card. Fail"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2105-9-559","article-title":"WGCNA: an R package for weighted correlation network analysis","volume":"9","author":"Langfelder","year":"2008","journal-title":"BMC Bioinforma."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/bts034","article-title":"The sva package for removing batch effects and other unwanted variation in high-throughput experiments","volume":"28","author":"Leek","year":"2012","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1097\/hco.0000000000000855","article-title":"Racial and ethnic disparities in heart failure: current state and future directions","volume":"36","author":"Lewsey","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Cardiol."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1002\/cbin.11229","article-title":"The protective effects of grape seed procyanidin B2 against asporin mediates glycated low-density lipoprotein induced-cardiomyocyte apoptosis and fibrosis","volume":"44","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Biol. Int."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2315","DOI":"10.1172\/jci119770","article-title":"Changes in gene expression in the intact human heart. Downregulation of alpha-myosin heavy chain in hypertrophied, failing ventricular myocardium","volume":"100","author":"Lowes","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1357","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa012630","article-title":"Myocardial gene expression in dilated cardiomyopathy treated with beta-blocking agents","volume":"346","author":"Lowes","year":"2002","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvy279","article-title":"C1q-tumour necrosis factor-related protein-3 exacerbates cardiac hypertrophy in mice","volume":"115","author":"Ma","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Res."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1007\/s11897-023-00609-x","article-title":"Sex-Related differences in heart failure diagnosis","volume":"20","author":"Maidana","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr. Heart Fail Rep."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3599","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehab368","article-title":"2021 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure","volume":"42","author":"McDonagh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e168655","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.168655","article-title":"Myocardial fibrosis and calcification are attenuated by microRNA-129-5p targeting Asporin and Sox9 in cardiac fibroblasts","volume":"8","author":"Medzikovic","year":"2023","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.2874","article-title":"Worsening of chronic heart failure: definition, epidemiology, management and prevention. A clinical consensus statement by the Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology","volume":"25","author":"Metra","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. J. Heart Fail"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1161\/01.res.86.4.386","article-title":"Myosin heavy chain isoform expression in the failing and nonfailing human heart","volume":"86","author":"Miyata","year":"2000","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e79792","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0079792","article-title":"Differential gene expression of cardiac ion channels in human dilated cardiomyopathy","volume":"8","author":"Molina-Navarro","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1093\/jalm\/jfad024","article-title":"NT-proBNP reference intervals in healthy U.S. children, adolescents, and adults","volume":"8","author":"Mu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Appl. Lab. Med."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2362","DOI":"10.1172\/jci119776","article-title":"Myosin heavy chain gene expression in human heart failure","volume":"100","author":"Nakao","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1720","DOI":"10.2174\/0929867325666171222164320","article-title":"Omecamtiv mecarbil: a myosin motor Activator agent with promising clinical performance and new in vitro results","volume":"25","author":"Nanasi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Chem."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1007\/s00395-013-0361-1","article-title":"Epigenetics: a new mechanism of regulation of heart failure?","volume":"108","author":"Papait","year":"2013","journal-title":"Basic Res. Cardiol."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.592","article-title":"2016 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure: the Task Force for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Developed with the special contribution of the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the ESC","volume":"18","author":"Ponikowski","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Heart Fail"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1115623","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2023.1115623","article-title":"Multi-omics integration to identify the genetic expression and protein signature of dilated and ischemic cardiomyopathy","volume":"10","author":"Portokallidou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Cardiovasc Med."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24010446","article-title":"The novel Cardiac Myosin activator Danicamtiv Improves Cardiac systolic function at the expense of diastolic dysfunction in vitro and in vivo: implications for clinical applications","volume":"24","author":"R\u00e1duly","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1007\/s10741-007-9034-1","article-title":"Return to the fetal gene program protects the stressed heart: a strong hypothesis","volume":"12","author":"Rajabi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Heart Fail Rev."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1186\/s40364-025-00728-8","article-title":"Global, regional, and national burden of heart failure and its underlying causes, 1990-2021: results from the global burden of disease study 2021","volume":"13","author":"Ran","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biomark. Res."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"H1814","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.2001.280.4.H1814","article-title":"Human cardiac myosin heavy chain isoforms in fetal and failing adult atria and ventricles","volume":"280","author":"Reiser","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e47","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkv007","article-title":"Limma powers differential expression analyses for RNA-sequencing and microarray studies","volume":"43","author":"Ritchie","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2105-12-77","article-title":"pROC: an open-source package for R and S+ to analyze and compare ROC curves","volume":"12","author":"Robin","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMC Bioinforma."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.15420\/cfr.2016:25:2","article-title":"Global public health burden of heart failure","volume":"3","author":"Savarese","year":"2017","journal-title":"Card. Fail Rev."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3272","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvac013","article-title":"Global burden of heart failure: a comprehensive and updated review of epidemiology","volume":"118","author":"Savarese","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Res."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1097\/fjc.0000000000001416","article-title":"Mavacamten-A targeted therapy for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy","volume":"81","author":"Schenk","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc Pharmacol."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1152\/physiolgenomics.00030.2010","article-title":"Global gene expression analysis in nonfailing and failing myocardium pre- and postpulsatile and nonpulsatile ventricular assist device support","volume":"42","author":"Schwientek","year":"2010","journal-title":"Physiol. Genomics"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15545","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0506580102","article-title":"Gene set enrichment analysis: a knowledge-based approach for interpreting genome-wide expression profiles","volume":"102","author":"Subramanian","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2009.05100.x","article-title":"Return to the fetal gene program: a suggested metabolic link to gene expression in the heart","volume":"1188","author":"Taegtmeyer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1161\/circresaha.120.317254","article-title":"Epigenomes of human hearts reveal new genetic variants relevant for cardiac disease and phenotype","volume":"127","author":"Tan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2012.08.002","article-title":"Collagen XIV is important for growth and structural integrity of the myocardium","volume":"53","author":"Tao","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Mol. Cell Cardiol."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchf.2019.12.001","article-title":"Omecamtiv mecarbil in chronic heart failure with reduced ejection fraction: rationale and design of GALACTIC-HF","volume":"8","author":"Teerlink","year":"2020","journal-title":"JACC Heart Fail"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2025797","article-title":"Cardiac myosin activation with Omecamtiv Mecarbil in systolic heart failure","volume":"384","author":"Teerlink","year":"2021","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"828","DOI":"10.1161\/circulationaha.119.042339","article-title":"Myosin sequestration regulates sarcomere function, cardiomyocyte energetics, and metabolism, informing the pathogenesis of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy","volume":"141","author":"Toepfer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2011.10.077","article-title":"Cortical cartography and Caret software","volume":"62","author":"Van Essen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuroimage."},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1649","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.1933","article-title":"Effects of danicamtiv, a novel cardiac myosin activator, in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction: experimental data and clinical results from a phase 2a trial","volume":"22","author":"Voors","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Heart Fail"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7309","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-021-03971-y","article-title":"Alpha and beta myosin isoforms and human atrial and ventricular contraction","volume":"78","author":"Walklate","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1447","DOI":"10.3892\/ijmm.2019.4291","article-title":"Identification of differentially expressed genes and preliminary validations in cardiac pathological remodeling induced by transverse aortic constriction","volume":"44","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0243788","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0243788","article-title":"CX3CR1 is a prerequisite for the development of cardiac hypertrophy and left ventricular dysfunction in mice upon transverse aortic constriction","volume":"16","author":"Weisheit","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e009427","DOI":"10.1161\/circheartfailure.121.009427","article-title":"Reference Ranges for NT-proBNP (N-Terminal Pro-B-Type natriuretic peptide) and risk factors for higher NT-proBNP concentrations in a large general population cohort","volume":"15","author":"Welsh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Circ. Heart Fail"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1152\/physiolgenomics.00111.2018","article-title":"Correlation of gene expression and clinical parameters identifies a set of genes reflecting LV systolic dysfunction and morphological alterations","volume":"51","author":"Witt","year":"2019","journal-title":"Physiol. Genomics"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1807","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2024.5217","article-title":"Heart Failure in African American Individuals, Version 2.0","volume":"331","author":"Yancy","year":"2024","journal-title":"Jama"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e137","DOI":"10.1161\/cir.0000000000000509","article-title":"2017 ACC\/AHA\/HFSA focused update of the 2013 ACCF\/AHA Guideline for the management of heart failure: a report of the American college of Cardiology\/American heart Association task force on clinical practice Guidelines and the heart failure Society of America","volume":"136","author":"Yancy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2022.104164","article-title":"Exercise-derived peptide protects against pathological cardiac remodeling","volume":"82","author":"Yin","year":"2022","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1080\/02648725.2023.2191086","article-title":"m6A RNA methylation modification is involved in the disease course of heart failure","volume":"40","author":"Yu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Genet. Eng. Rev."},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1089\/dna.2020.5995","article-title":"Asporin is a potential promising biomarker for common heart failure","volume":"40","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"DNA Cell Biol."},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1089915","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2022.1089915","article-title":"Integrated analysis of WGCNA and machine learning identified diagnostic biomarkers in dilated cardiomyopathy with heart failure","volume":"10","author":"Zhu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Cell Dev. Biol."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Genetics"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fgene.2025.1618390\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T22:10:13Z","timestamp":1760393413000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fgene.2025.1618390\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,14]]},"references-count":85,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fgene.2025.1618390"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fgene.2025.1618390","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-8021"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-8021","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,14]]},"article-number":"1618390"}}