{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T03:33:32Z","timestamp":1785900812966,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,30]],"date-time":"2025-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759190400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Genet."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Caroli disease (CD) and Caroli syndrome (CS) are rare inherited disorders characterized by dilatation of intrahepatic bile ducts, caused by <jats:italic>PKHD1<\/jats:italic> pathogenic variants. Prenatal diagnosis of CD or CS is extremely rare, with only two cases having genetic analysis worldwide. In this study, we describe the prenatal imaging and genetic findings in two Chinese fetuses with CD\/CS.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Prenatal ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings were collected for both fetuses. Whole exome sequencing was performed in family 1 and fetus 2, using fetal umbilical cord and parental peripheral blood. The candidate variants were validated using Sanger sequencing. The effect of the splice site variant was evaluated by <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> minigene assays with the pcMINI-C and pcMINI vectors.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Both fetuses presented with multiple dilated intrahepatic bile ducts and features consistent with autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD) on ultrasound and MRI at 33 weeks (Fetus 1) and 39 weeks (Fetus 2) gestation; Fetus 2 also exhibited oligohydramnios. Trio WES analysis revealed two compound heterozygous variants of <jats:italic>PKHD1<\/jats:italic>, a missense variant c.7912T&amp;gt;A (p.Tyr2638Asn) and an intronic splice-site variant c.3364 + 3A&amp;gt;T, in Fetus 1, with the father carrying c.7912T&amp;gt;A and the mother c.3364 + 3A&amp;gt;T. WES analysis in Fetus 2 identified two <jats:italic>PKHD1<\/jats:italic> candidate variants, c.9901G&amp;gt;T (p.Glu3301Ter) and c.2507T&amp;gt;C (p.Val836Ala). These variants were confirmed by Sanger sequencing, and <jats:italic>in silico<\/jats:italic> prediction and conservation analysis suggested their potential pathogenicity. The c.3364 + 3A&amp;gt;T variant has been previously reported postnatally but functionally uncharacterized. <jats:italic>In vitro<\/jats:italic> minigene assays demonstrated that it caused exon 29 skipping, leading to a frameshift and a premature stop codon (c.3229_3364del p.Gly1077Alafs*12).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>We reported the first prenatally diagnosed CD\/CS cases with genetic analysis in the Chinese population, and experimentally validated the pathogenicity of the recurrent splice site variant c.3364 + 3A&amp;gt;T by a minigene assay. Our findings broaden the <jats:italic>PKHD1<\/jats:italic> variation spectrum in these rare cases and recommend including prenatal cases to refine the reported genotype-phenotype correlations. We also emphasize the need of WES in probands with CD or CS for early molecular diagnosis in subsequent pregnancies.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2025.1651306","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,29]],"date-time":"2025-09-29T22:10:29Z","timestamp":1759183829000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Prenatal diagnosis and molecular characterization of PKHD1 variants in two Chinese fetuses with Caroli disease\/syndrome"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Hui","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sheng","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shengbao","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peiwen","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinlin","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2021.04.019","article-title":"Refining genotype-phenotype correlations in 304 patients with autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease and PKHD1 gene variants","volume":"100","author":"Burgmaier","year":"2021","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"B2","first-page":"488","article-title":"Congenital polycystic dilation of the intrahepatic bile ducts; attempt at classification [in French]","volume":"34","author":"Caroli","year":"1958","journal-title":"Sem. 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