{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,11]],"date-time":"2026-10-11T06:53:48Z","timestamp":1791701628255,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777420800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["INV 002202"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["INV 002202"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["INV 067322"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["INV 067322"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Genet."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Recent evidence indicates that an increasing number of endemic countries have deployed and are using genomic surveillance to determine and monitor the trends and patterns of malaria transmission. This study aimed to evaluate and identify the most informative genetic metrics for establishing and monitoring the genetic diversity of\n                      <jats:italic>Plasmodium falciparum<\/jats:italic>\n                      and its correlation with malaria transmission intensities in Mainland Tanzania.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A cross-sectional survey of symptomatic patients was conducted in 100 health facilities from February to July 2021 and covered 10 regions categorized into four strata based on transmission intensity. Parasite samples (n = 12,875) were collected as dried blood spots, and all samples with\n                      <jats:italic>P. falciparum<\/jats:italic>\n                      positive test by rapid diagnostic tests (n = 7,199) were sequenced using molecular inversion probes. We targeted 1,832 single nucleotide polymorphisms distributed across the 14\n                      <jats:italic>P. falciparum<\/jats:italic>\n                      chromosomes. Raw sequence data were analyzed using MIPTools and the final dataset was used to estimate different genetic metrics.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The countrywide mean complexity of infection (COI) was 1.5, with 1,878 (59.6%) of parasite samples being monoclonal. The mean COI was significantly higher in high and moderate transmission strata (p &amp;lt; 0.001) compared to low and very low transmission strata. The odds of polyclonal infections were significantly lower in moderate, low, and very low strata compared to the high transmission stratum (p &amp;lt; 0.001). Parasite genetic differentiation among regions was very low, with fixation index (\n                      <jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>\n                        <jats:italic>ST<\/jats:italic>\n                      <\/jats:sub>\n                      ) values of 0\u20130.006. Countrywide parasite populations indicated weak genetic relatedness with pairwise identity by descent (IBD &amp;lt; 0.1). Few pairs (1.8%) met the thresholds of IBD \u2265 50%, and among these, the average pairs of parasites sharing \u226550% IBD were 0.89 and 0.98 for those sharing \u226590%. Discriminant analysis of principal components (DAPC) revealed overlapping parasite population clusters, suggesting genetic similarity among them.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The study revealed high complexity and polyclonality, particularly in regions with high transmission intensities. The significant association between COI, polyclonality, and transmission intensity suggests these metrics can be integrated within the current malaria surveillance system and may be useful in assessing trends and patterns of malaria transmission. Further validation is needed to link these measures with the current control strategies and evaluate their use in determining the impact of different malaria interventions in Mainland Tanzania.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2026.1695073","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T06:10:27Z","timestamp":1777443027000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Genetic metrics decode Plasmodium falciparum diversity: complexity of infection, parasite connectivity, and transmission intensity in Mainland Tanzania\u2019s diverse regions"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Dativa","family":"Pereus","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Medical Research","place":["Dar es Salaam, Tanzania"]},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, University of Nairobi","place":["Nairobi, 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