{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:15:18Z","timestamp":1787026518319,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774483200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Genet."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Uncharted microbe-drug relationships constitute an under-exploited reservoir of therapeutic leads. In this manuscript, we introduced a hybrid framework named BRMDA by coupling a bilinear attention network with a random-forest classifier to systematically expose latent microbe-drug associations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Firstly, BRMDA integrated multiple drug-centric, microbe-centric, and disease-centric similarity profiles, along with experimentally validated microbe\u2013drug associations, to construct a unified heterogeneous graph. And then, the bilinear attention network and random-forest classifier were employed to compute the predicted scores for potential microbe-drug associations based on the newly constructed unified heterogeneous graph. Next, benchmarking experiments were conducted under a rigorous five-fold cross-validation protocol using the MDAD dataset to validate the prediction performance of BRMDA. Additionally, case studies were further performed, focusing on front-line antibiotics including amoxicillin and ciprofloxacin as well as clinically relevant pathogens including\n                      <jats:italic>Bacillus<\/jats:italic>\n                      cereus and\n                      <jats:italic>Mycobacterium tuberculosis<\/jats:italic>\n                      , to evaluate the translational validity of the proposed model.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Intensive experimental results demonstrated that BRMDA outperformed seven state-of-the-art competitors in terms of both AUC and AUPR, and 9 out of the top 10 associations predicted by the model were corroborated by independent literature evidence. These findings underscored the accuracy and translational potential of BRMDA, offering a data-driven compass for antimicrobial discovery and microbe-oriented therapeutic design.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2026.1757318","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T17:16:18Z","timestamp":1774545378000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["BRMDA: prediction model for potential microbe-drug associations based on bilinear attention networks and random forest"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Ge","family":"Yu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Intelligent Equipment, Hunan vocational College of Electronic and Technology","place":["Changsha, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fang","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Intelligent Equipment, Hunan vocational College of Electronic and Technology","place":["Changsha, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Intelligent Equipment, Hunan vocational College of Electronic and Technology","place":["Changsha, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shichang","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Continuing Education, Central South University of Forestry and Technology","place":["Changsha, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mingmin","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Intelligent Equipment, Hunan vocational College of Electronic and Technology","place":["Changsha, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xianzhi","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information Engineering, Hunan vocational College of Electronic and Technology","place":["Changsha, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bin","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information Engineering, Hunan vocational College of Electronic and Technology","place":["Changsha, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information Engineering, Hunan vocational College of Electronic and Technology","place":["Changsha, China"]},{"name":"Big Data Innovation and Entrepreneurship Education Center of Hunan Province, Changsha University","place":["Changsha, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"946","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.48.3.946-953.2004","article-title":"Activities of ciprofloxacin and moxifloxacin against Stenotrophomonas maltophilia and emergence of resistant mutants in an in vitro pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic model","volume":"48","author":"Ba","year":"2004","journal-title":"Antimicrob. 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