{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T01:05:47Z","timestamp":1789088747115,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":114,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,23]],"date-time":"2026-02-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771804800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Genet."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Endogenous, or\n                    <jats:italic>\u2018self\u2019<\/jats:italic>\n                    , vs. microbial, or\n                    <jats:italic>\u2018non-self\u2019<\/jats:italic>\n                    , RNA sensing can tip the scales between immune pathology and effective immunity. Cells are equipped to sense RNA, fundamental to trigger an innate immune response to clear viral infection that should not generate a harmful immune response against endogenous RNA. Multiple chemical modifications in RNA fine-tune its cellular sensing and are exploited by pathogens to evade immunity. Likewise, perturbations triggering self RNA sensing cause immune pathologies. This underscores the clinical need for a better understanding of self RNA recognition. Here, we address nucleic acid sensing in the innate immune response from an RNA-centric view. We discuss how self RNA is shielded from sensing by chemical modifications and subcellular compartmentalization, possible mechanisms and consequences of self-RNA sensing, and how this knowledge has been harnessed to revolutionize vaccine development.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2026.1775625","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,23]],"date-time":"2026-02-23T05:27:58Z","timestamp":1771824478000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["RNA-triggered innate immunity: friend and foe"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Maike","family":"Henschel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, King\u2019s College London","place":["London, United Kingdom"]},{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King\u2019s College London","place":["London, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria R.","family":"Conte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, King\u2019s College London","place":["London, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rocio T.","family":"Martinez-Nunez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King\u2019s College London","place":["London, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E2106","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1612444114","article-title":"Structure of human IFIT1 with capped RNA reveals adaptable mRNA binding and mechanisms for sensing N1 and N2 ribose 2'-O methylations","volume":"114","author":"Abbas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc. 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