{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T16:26:26Z","timestamp":1787934386799,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":122,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787875200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000968","name":"American Heart Association","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["#24PRE1193934\/HRIDYA RAO \/ 2024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#24PRE1193934\/HRIDYA RAO \/ 2024"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000968","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Genet."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is a common polygenic endocrine disorder that is heterogenous in clinical presentation across genetic ancestry groups. PCOS is characterized by an array of symptoms such as hyperandrogenism, impaired mental health, and metabolic dysregulation. Studying the interaction of environmental factors (such as diet, physical activity, anxiety, and depression) with genetic variants on PCOS and its subtypes in populations with high cardiometabolic burden, e.g., Hispanic\/Latinas, could aid in unraveling pathophysiological and genetic pathways through which PCOS functions. We sought to study gene by environment interactions with PCOS and its metabolic subtype (mPCOS) in a sample of US Hispanic\/Latina female adults from the Hispanic Community Heath Study\/Study of Latinos. In this large community-based study, we derived PCOS using self-reported condition and menstrual cycle information. We classified females with PCOS as having mPCOS if they had high metabolic impairment (fasting glucose, fasting insulin, or body mass index higher than the 75th percentile). There were 451 individuals with PCOS and 221 of them had mPCOS in our sample. We found that PCOS and mPCOS were significantly associated with hyperglycemia and high triglycerides in this population. While a polygenic risk score derived in European ancestry did not generalize to Hispanic\/Latina females with PCOS, we identified the best proxy genetic variants in this population in known PCOS regions and investigated their interactions with four environment variables (diet, physical activity, anxiety and depression). Associations with known PCOS loci were generalized in our study at\n                    <jats:italic>STAG3L4<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>CACNA1G<\/jats:italic>\n                    genomic regions. We observed GxE interactions between variants in\/near three genes and physical activity on PCOS and mPCOS, including\n                    <jats:italic>FGGY<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>FAT1<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>PTHLH<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Additionally, we noted interactions between diet and a variant in\n                    <jats:italic>FANCC<\/jats:italic>\n                    on PCOS, and diet and a variant near\n                    <jats:italic>CMAS<\/jats:italic>\n                    on both PCOS and mPCOS. We also detected GxE interactions between anxiety and depression and a variant in\n                    <jats:italic>FGGY<\/jats:italic>\n                    on PCOS, and depression and a variant near\n                    <jats:italic>FBP1<\/jats:italic>\n                    on mPCOS. Our results point to potential protective effects of physical activity in females with PCOS and could inform future research on the mitigating effects of lifestyle management on PCOS genetic risk in Hispanic\/Latino populations.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2026.1801152","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T16:06:21Z","timestamp":1787933181000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Gene by environment interaction effects on the metabolic subtype of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome in Hispanic Community Health Study\/Study of Latinos"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Hridya R.","family":"Gardner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biobehavioral Health, Pennsylvania State University","place":["University Park, PA, United States"]},{"name":"Department of Developmental Medicine, Geisinger Health System","place":["Lewisburg, PA, United States"]},{"name":"Department of Population Health Sciences, Geisinger Health System","place":["Danville, PA, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michelle L.","family":"Meyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, University of North Carolina","place":["Chapel Hill, NC, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer K.","family":"Wagner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering Design and Innovation, Pennsylvania State University","place":["University Park, PA, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Krista M.","family":"Perreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Social Medicine, University of North Carolina","place":["Chapel Hill, NC, United States"]},{"name":"Department of Biostatistics and Health Data Science, Indiana University","place":["Indianapolis, IN, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura Y.","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Social Medicine, University of North Carolina","place":["Chapel Hill, NC, United States"]},{"name":"Department of Biostatistics and Health Data Science, Indiana University","place":["Indianapolis, IN, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martha","family":"Daviglus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Minority Health Research, University of Illinois at Chicago","place":["Chicago, IL, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christina","family":"Cordero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Miami","place":["Miami, FL, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne E.","family":"Justice","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population Health Sciences, Geisinger Health System","place":["Danville, PA, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lindsay","family":"Fernandez-Rhodes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biobehavioral Health, Pennsylvania State University","place":["University Park, PA, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2025.21712","article-title":"Trends and prevalence of the metabolic syndrome among US adults","volume":"335","author":"Abohashem","year":"2026","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2022.106195","article-title":"Polycystic ovary syndrome in Latin American populations: what is known and what remains unresolved","volume":"225","author":"Abruzzese","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/851815","article-title":"Level of anxiety, depression, self-esteem, social anxiety, and quality of life among the women with polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"2013","author":"A\u00e7maz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sci. World J."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1010764","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1010764","article-title":"Sex modifies the effect of genetic risk scores for polycystic ovary syndrome on metabolic phenotypes","volume":"19","author":"Actkins","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLOS Genet."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S27","DOI":"10.2337\/dc26-S002","article-title":"2. Diagnosis and classification of diabetes: standards of care in Diabetes\u20142025","volume":"48","year":"2025","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1007\/s10389-006-0024-x","article-title":"Development of the World Health Organization Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ)","volume":"14","author":"Armstrong","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Public Health (Bangkok)"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2005-2153","article-title":"Diagnosis of polycystic ovarian syndrome: the Rotterdam criteria are premature","volume":"91","author":"Azziz","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.2741\/e695","article-title":"Polycystic ovary syndrome: current status and future perspective","author":"Barthelmess","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Biosci. - Elit"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1007\/2288-6729-7-2-15","article-title":"Differential susceptibility to environmental influences","volume":"7","author":"Belsky","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Child. Care Educ. Policy"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e33","DOI":"10.1038\/bcj.2011.31","article-title":"Mutations and deletions of the SUZ12 polycomb gene in myeloproliferative neoplasms","volume":"1","author":"Brecqueville","year":"2011","journal-title":"Blood Cancer J."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6046","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkw500","article-title":"How far from the SNP may the causative genes be?","volume":"44","author":"Brodie","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-018-1692-3","article-title":"Psychiatric disorders in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"62","author":"Brutocao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.1123\/jpah.6.6.790","article-title":"Global physical activity questionnaire (GPAQ): nine country reliability and validity study","volume":"6","author":"Bull","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Phys. Act. Health"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1669","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-015-1120-4","article-title":"Anxious-depression among Hispanic\/Latinos from different backgrounds: results from the Hispanic Community Health Study\/Study of Latinos (HCHS\/SOL)","volume":"50","author":"Camacho","year":"2015","journal-title":"Soc. Psychiatry Psychiatr. Epidemiol."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.1.02058","article-title":"Metabolic syndrome in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS): lower prevalence in southern Italy than in the USA and the influence of criteria for the diagnosis of PCOS","volume":"154","author":"Carmina","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur. J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"B16","unstructured":"KING-robust kinship estimator. Cog-genomics.org\n          \n          \n            \n              Chang\n              C.\n            \n            \n              Vattikuti\n              S.\n            \n          \n          \n          2025"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"s13742","DOI":"10.1186\/s13742-015-0047-8","article-title":"Second-generation PLINK: rising to the challenge of larger and richer datasets","volume":"4","author":"Chang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gigascience"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41131","DOI":"10.1038\/srep41131","article-title":"Parathyroid hormone-like hormone is a poor prognosis marker of head and neck cancer and promotes cell growth via RUNX2 regulation","volume":"7","author":"Chang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.4103\/IJPSYM.IJPSYM_561_17","article-title":"Anxiety, depression, and quality of life in women with polycystic ovarian syndrome","volume":"40","author":"Chaudhari","year":"2018","journal-title":"Indian J. Psychol. Med."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.732","article-title":"Genome-wide association study identifies susceptibility loci for polycystic ovary syndrome on chromosome 2p16.3, 2p21 and 9q33.3","volume":"43","author":"Chen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1097\/cm9.0000000000002787","article-title":"Cluster analysis reveals a homogeneous subgroup of PCOS women with metabolic disturbance associated with adverse reproductive outcomes","volume":"137","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chin. Med. J. Engl."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.111.157222","article-title":"Alternative dietary indices both strongly predict risk of chronic disease","volume":"142","author":"Chiuve","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2486","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.285.19.2486","article-title":"Executive summary of the third report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) expert panel on detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood cholesterol in adults (adult treatment panel III)","volume":"285","author":"Cleeman","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2015.12.001","article-title":"Genetic diversity and association studies in US Hispanic\/Latino populations: applications in the Hispanic community health study\/study of latinos","volume":"98","author":"Conomos","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-014-0291-6","article-title":"Mental health and physical activity in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a brief review","volume":"45","author":"Conte","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sport Med."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2016.12.028","article-title":"Gene and environment interaction: is the differential susceptibility hypothesis relevant for obesity?","volume":"73","author":"Dalle Molle","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav Rev."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.3390\/cimb47110875","article-title":"Pathogenic FANCC variants are associated with accessory breasts in a sub-saharan African multiplex family","volume":"47","author":"Danbaki","year":"2025","journal-title":"Curr. Issues Mol. Biol."},{"key":"B28","first-page":"90","article-title":"Long term health consequences of polycystic ovarian syndrome: a review analysis","volume":"13","author":"Daniilidis","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hippokratia"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1003132","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1003132","article-title":"Distinct subtypes of polycystic ovary syndrome with novel genetic associations: an unsupervised, phenotypic clustering analysis","volume":"17","author":"Dapas","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS Med."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1007813","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1007813","article-title":"Large-scale genome-wide meta-analysis of polycystic ovary syndrome suggests shared genetic architecture for different diagnosis criteria","volume":"14","author":"Day","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS Genet."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1399","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/der071","article-title":"Is having polycystic ovary syndrome a predictor of poor psychological function including anxiety and depression?","volume":"26","author":"Deeks","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2011-1034","article-title":"Insulin resistance and the polycystic ovary syndrome revisited: an update on mechanisms and implications","volume":"33","author":"Diamanti-Kandarakis","year":"2012","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1362","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.116.026858","article-title":"Prolonged, uninterrupted sedentary behavior and glycemic biomarkers among US Hispanic\/Latino adults: the HCHS\/SOL (Hispanic community health study\/study of latinos)","volume":"136","author":"Diaz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-992923","article-title":"Cardiovascular disease risk factors in polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"26","author":"Dokras","year":"2008","journal-title":"Semin. Reprod. Med."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12524","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-48804-y","article-title":"Two truncating variants in FANCC and breast cancer risk","volume":"9","author":"D\u00f6rk","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3299","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.81.9.8784087","article-title":"The insulin-sensitizing agent troglitazone improves metabolic and reproductive abnormalities in the polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"81","author":"Dunaif","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa070174","article-title":"Whole-genome analysis of sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"357","author":"Dunckley","year":"2007","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.01.003","article-title":"Racial and ethnic differences in the polycystic ovary syndrome metabolic phenotype","volume":"216","author":"Engmann","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1565","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2010.03.081","article-title":"Insulin resistance, obesity, inflammation, and depression in polycystic ovary syndrome: biobehavioral mechanisms and interventions","volume":"94","author":"Farrell","year":"2010","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1097\/psy.0000000000001193","article-title":"A gene-acculturation study of obesity among US Hispanic\/Latinos: the Hispanic community health study\/study of latinos","volume":"85","author":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Rhodes","year":"2023","journal-title":"Psychosom. Med."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.287.3.356","article-title":"Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome among US adults: findings from the third national health and nutrition examination survey","volume":"287","author":"Ford","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17020310","article-title":"The role of lifestyle interventions in PCOS management: a systematic review","volume":"17","author":"Gautam","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B43","volume-title":"SUZ12P1 Gene - SUZ12 Pseudogene 1","year":"2026"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.2459\/JCM.0b013e32830b58d4","article-title":"Cardiovascular risk in women with polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"9","author":"Giallauria","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc Med."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1624","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2019.08.192","article-title":"A research framework for cognitive aging and Alzheimer\u2019s disease among diverse US Latinos: design and implementation of the Hispanic community health study\/study of Latinos\u2014Investigation of neurocognitive aging (SOL-INCA)","volume":"15","author":"Gonz\u00e1lez","year":"2019","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Dement."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.18865\/ed.31.4.547","article-title":"Consent for use of genetic data among US Hispanics\/Latinos: results from the Hispanic community health Study\/Study of latinos","volume":"31","author":"Gonzalez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ethn. Dis."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2005.03.051","article-title":"Polycystic ovary syndrome in Mexican-Americans: prevalence and association with the severity of insulin resistance","volume":"84","author":"Goodarzi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"B48","first-page":"2000","article-title":"The FANCC gene and its products","volume-title":"Madame Curie Bioscience Database","author":"Gordon","year":"2024"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1186\/s40337-022-00654-2","article-title":"Psychiatric and medical comorbidities of eating disorders: findings from a rapid review of the literature","volume":"10","author":"Hambleton","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Eat. Disord."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1810","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(03)13409-5","article-title":"Polycystic ovary syndrome and endometrial carcinoma","volume":"361","author":"Hardiman","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7502","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms8502","article-title":"Genome-wide association of polycystic ovary syndrome implicates alterations in gonadotropin secretion in European ancestry populations","volume":"6","author":"Hayes","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1606","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm8101606","article-title":"The genetics of polycystic ovary syndrome: an overview of candidate gene systematic reviews and genome-wide association studies","volume":"8","author":"Hiam","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Med."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1177\/1359105306065021","article-title":"Depression and body image among women with polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"11","author":"Himelein","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Health Psychol."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2526","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.4501","article-title":"Trends in the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in the United States, 2011-2016","volume":"323","author":"Hirode","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA - J. Am. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1369","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2006.11.039","article-title":"Increased risk of depressive disorders in women with polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"87","author":"Hollinrake","year":"2007","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2013.08.008","article-title":"The Hispanic community Children\u2019s health study\/study of Latino youth (SOL youth): design, objectives, and procedures","volume":"24","author":"Isasi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann. Epidemiol."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0035-1571195","article-title":"Polycystic ovary syndrome, obesity, and pregnancy","volume":"34","author":"Joham","year":"2016","journal-title":"Semin. Reprod. Med."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1918","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgz326","article-title":"A polygenic and phenotypic risk prediction for polycystic ovary syndrome evaluated by phenomewide association studies","volume":"105","author":"Joo","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e000923","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.114.000923","article-title":"Body mass index, sex, and cardiovascular disease risk factors among Hispanic\/Latino adults: hispanic community health study\/study of Latinos","volume":"3","author":"Kaplan","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Am. Heart Assoc."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2021.07.032","article-title":"Comprehensive evaluation of disparities in cardiometabolic and reproductive risk between Hispanic and white women with polycystic ovary syndrome in the United States: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"226","author":"Kazemi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16214128","article-title":"Reliability and concurrent validity of Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ): a systematic review","volume":"16","author":"Keating","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1186\/s12905-023-02394-0","article-title":"Factors associated with self-report of polycystic ovary syndrome in the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults study (CARDIA)","volume":"23","author":"Kim","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Womens Health"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1008500","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1008500","article-title":"Use of >100,000 NHLBI Trans-Omics for Precision Medicine (TOPMed) consortium whole genome sequences improves imputation quality and detection of rare variant associations in admixed African and Hispanic\/Latino populations","volume":"15","author":"Kowalski","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS Genet."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2018.00185","article-title":"Single-gene congenic strain reveals the effect of Zbtb16 on dexamethasone-induced insulin resistance","volume":"9","author":"Krupkov\u00e1","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Endocrino."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2010.05.006","article-title":"Sample design and cohort selection in the Hispanic community health study\/study of latinos","volume":"20","author":"LaVange","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann. Epidemiol."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E1558","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgab840","article-title":"Higher incidence of metabolic syndrome in black women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a longitudinal study","volume":"107","author":"Lee","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1016\/s0015-0282(02)03275-2","article-title":"Molecular progress in infertility: polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"78","author":"Legro","year":"2002","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1136\/jmedgenet-2011-100727","article-title":"Identification of YAP1 as a novel susceptibility gene for polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"49","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Med. Genet."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2014.11.005","article-title":"Genetic association analysis under complex survey sampling: the hispanic community health study\/study of latinos","volume":"95","author":"Lin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dex351","article-title":"Health-related knowledge, beliefs and self-efficacy in women with polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"33","author":"Lin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3892\/ijmm.2025.5522","article-title":"Downregulating FGGY carbohydrate kinase domain containing promotes cell senescence by activating the p53\/p21 signaling pathway in colorectal cancer","volume":"55","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2867","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btq559","article-title":"Robust relationship inference in genome-wide association studies","volume":"26","author":"Manichaikul","year":"2010","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1002640","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1002640","article-title":"Population structure of hispanics in the United States: the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis","volume":"8","author":"Manichaikul","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS Genet."},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2016.05.011","article-title":"Environmental determinants of polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"106","author":"Merkin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e447","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgaa012","article-title":"Polycystic ovary syndrome signs and metabolic syndrome in premenopausal Hispanic\/Latina women: the HCHS\/SOL study","volume":"105","author":"Meyer","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-020-0580-y","article-title":"The GWAS diversity monitor tracks diversity by disease in real time","volume":"52","author":"Mills","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2159","DOI":"10.1161\/01.cir.94.9.2159","article-title":"Genetic and environmental contributions to cardiovascular risk factors in Mexican Americans: the San Antonio family heart study","volume":"94","author":"Mitchell","year":"1996","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2004.05.003","article-title":"Understanding and managing disturbances in insulin metabolism and body weight in women with polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"18","author":"Moran","year":"2004","journal-title":"Best. Pract. Res. Clin. Obstet. Gynaecol."},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2014.12.003","article-title":"Metabolic risk in PCOS: phenotype and adiposity impact","volume":"26","author":"Moran","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"B80","first-page":"30","article-title":"Metabolic syndrome: polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"435","author":"Mortada","year":"2015","journal-title":"FP Essent."},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1016\/s0015-0282(16)55307-2","article-title":"Puberty and polycystic ovarian syndrome: the insulin\/insulin-like growth factor I hypothesis","volume":"58","author":"Nobels","year":"1992","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.1016\/s0015-0282(02)03111-4","article-title":"Insulin resistance, polycystic ovary syndrome, and type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"77","author":"Ovalle","year":"2002","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1038\/s12276-020-0402-4","article-title":"The essential role of fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase 2 enzyme in thermal homeostasis upon cold stress","volume":"52","author":"Park","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exp. Mol. Med."},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.2307\/1318822","article-title":"Race and ethnicity in the United States","volume":"24","author":"Parkinson","year":"1996","journal-title":"Teach. Sociol."},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.3892\/ol.2021.12659","article-title":"Role of FAT1 in health and disease","volume":"21","author":"Peng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Oncol. Lett."},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.2165\/00003495-199958001-00010","article-title":"Insulin resistance, polycystic ovary syndrome and metformin","volume":"58","author":"Pugeat","year":"1999","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1384","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgae426","article-title":"Polycystic ovary syndrome, metabolic syndrome, and inflammation in the hispanic community health study\/study of latinos","volume":"110","author":"Rao","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100376","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xhgg.2024.100376","article-title":"Advancements in genetic research by the Hispanic community health study\/study of Latinos: a 10-year retrospective review","volume":"6","author":"Rao","year":"2025","journal-title":"HGG Adv."},{"key":"B89","volume-title":"ROCnReg: An R Package for Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve Inference with and without Covariate Information. R J","author":"Rodriguez-Alvarez","year":"2021"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/719050","article-title":"Polycystic ovary syndrome, insulin resistance, and obesity: navigating the pathophysiologic labyrinth","volume":"2014","author":"Rojas","year":"","journal-title":"Int. J. Reprod. Med."},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1154","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2015-1430","article-title":"The diagnosis of polycystic ovary syndrome in adolescents","volume":"136","author":"Rosenfield","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"B92","first-page":"1","article-title":"Improving polygenic prediction in ancestrally diverse populations 1 2","volume":"54","author":"Ruan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-022-01054-7","article-title":"Improving polygenic prediction in ancestrally diverse populations","volume":"54","author":"Ruan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntx107","article-title":"Genome-wide association study of heavy smoking and daily\/nondaily smoking in the Hispanic community health study\/study of Latinos (HCHS\/SOL)","volume":"20","author":"Saccone","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob. Res."},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1358","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dev073","article-title":"Metabolic dysfunction in obese Hispanic women with polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"30","author":"Sam","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e80417","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/845207","article-title":"Genotype by energy expenditure interaction and body composition traits: the Portuguese healthy family study","volume":"2014","author":"Santos","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biomed. Res. Int."},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7745","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-64245-4","article-title":"Differentiation of Hispanic biogeographic ancestry with 80 ancestry informative markers","volume":"10","author":"Setser","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e14117","DOI":"10.1111\/jfbc.14117","article-title":"Diet and lifestyle modifications for effective management of polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS)","volume":"46","author":"Shahid","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Food Biochem."},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100451","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xhgg.2025.100451","article-title":"Genetic ancestry influences gene-environment interactions with sociocultural factors: results from the Hispanic community health study\/study of Latinos","volume":"6","author":"Sharma","year":"2025","journal-title":"HGG Adv."},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S454","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.20556","article-title":"Measures of depression and depressive symptoms: beck depression inventory-II (BDI-II), center for epidemiologic studies depression scale (CES-D), geriatric depression scale (GDS), hospital anxiety and depression scale (HADS), and patient health questionna","volume":"63","author":"Smarr","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arthritis Care Res. Hob."},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145836","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2021.145836","article-title":"FGGY carbohydrate kinase domain containing is expressed and alternatively spliced in skeletal muscle and attenuates MAP kinase and Akt signaling","volume":"800","author":"Smith","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2010.03.015","article-title":"Design and implementation of the Hispanic community health study\/study of latinos","volume":"20","author":"Sorlie","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann. Epidemiol."},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"968","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgad664","article-title":"Polycystic ovary syndrome physiologic pathways implicated through clustering of genetic loci","volume":"109","author":"Stamou","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/cpbi.5","article-title":"The GeneCards suite: from gene data mining to disease genome sequence analyses","volume":"54","author":"Stelzer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Protoc. Bioinforma."},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1186\/1741-7015-8-41","article-title":"Polycystic ovary syndrome: a complex condition with psychological, reproductive and metabolic manifestations that impacts on health across the lifespan","volume":"8","author":"Teede","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMC Med."},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2329","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(26)00717-8","article-title":"Polyendocrine metabolic ovarian syndrome, the new name for polycystic ovary syndrome: a multistep global consensus process","volume":"407","author":"Teede","year":"2026","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2020.00274","article-title":"PCOS-GWAS susceptibility variants in THADA, INSR, TOX3, and DENND1A are associated with metabolic syndrome or insulin resistance in women with PCOS","volume":"11","author":"Tian","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"B108","volume-title":"About the Hispanic Population and its Origin","year":"2024"},{"key":"B109","volume-title":"New Estimates Highlight Differences in Growth Between the U.S. Hispanic and Non-Hispanic Populations","year":"2024"},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2004.06.001","article-title":"The pathogenesis of infertility and early pregnancy loss in polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"18","author":"van der Spuy","year":"2004","journal-title":"Best. Pract. Res. Clin. Obstet. Gynaecol."},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1655","DOI":"10.1038\/s41556-022-01009-4","article-title":"Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase 1 functions as a protein phosphatase to dephosphorylate histone H3 and suppresses PPAR\u03b1-regulated gene transcription and tumour growth","volume":"24","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Cell. Biol."},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1007\/s12672-025-02112-2","article-title":"The role of fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase 1 on regulating the cancer progression and drug resistance","volume":"16","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Discov. Oncol."},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4569","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-013-1395-0","article-title":"Emerging roles of zinc finger proteins in regulating adipogenesis","volume":"70","author":"Wei","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1182","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2006.01046.x","article-title":"Metabolic and polycystic ovary syndromes in indigenous South Asian women with previous gestational diabetes mellitus","volume":"113","author":"Wijeyaratne","year":"2006","journal-title":"BJOG Int J Obstet Gynaecol"},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1310-4","article-title":"Genetic analyses of diverse populations improves discovery for complex traits","volume":"570","author":"Wojcik","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1186\/s12929-016-0240-9","article-title":"Fanconi anemia genes in lung adenocarcinoma-a pathway-wide study on cancer susceptibility","volume":"23","author":"Yang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Sci."},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1007\/s00737-020-01043-x","article-title":"The mental health of women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"24","author":"Yin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arch. Womens Ment. Health"},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/s12902-020-0497-6","article-title":"Lifestyle and environmental contributions to ovulatory dysfunction in women of polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"20","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Endocr. Disord."},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"559.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.04.004","article-title":"A genome-wide association study of polycystic ovary syndrome identified from electronic health records","volume":"223","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-024-06706-6","article-title":"FBP1 orchestrates keratinocyte proliferation\/differentiation and suppresses psoriasis through metabolic control of histone acetylation","volume":"15","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell. Death Dis."},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1016\/j.steroids.2013.04.006","article-title":"Ethnic differences in the phenotypic expression of polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"78","author":"Zhao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Steroids"},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e553","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(19)30155-0","article-title":"Age at natural menopause and risk of incident cardiovascular disease: a pooled analysis of individual patient data","volume":"4","author":"Zhu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Public Heal"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Genetics"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fgene.2026.1801152\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T16:06:24Z","timestamp":1787933184000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fgene.2026.1801152\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]]},"references-count":122,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fgene.2026.1801152"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fgene.2026.1801152","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-8021"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-8021","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]]},"article-number":"1801152"}}