{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T09:37:31Z","timestamp":1793353051304,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778630400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Genet."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Oral diseases, including dental caries, periodontitis, pulpitis, and temporomandibular disorders (TMD), impose a substantial global burden affecting billions of individuals and costing an estimated USD 390 billion annually. Despite their frequent clinical co-occurrence, the extent to which these conditions share a common genetic basis remains unclear.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We analyzed genome-wide association study (GWAS) summary statistics from up to 500,000 Finnish participants. Genome-wide and regional genetic correlations were quantified using High-Definition Likelihood. Genomic Structural Equation Modelling was applied to identify a latent common oral genetic factor (COF). A multivariate GWAS of the COF was conducted, followed by SuSiE fine-mapping. Integrative gene and pathway analyses were performed using cTWAS and MAGMA, and spatial mapping was conducted using embryonic tooth-germ atlases.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We identified extensive shared heritability across all four oral diseases. A latent COF captured the majority of this genetic overlap. Multivariate GWAS of the COF identified 104 genome-wide significant single-nucleotide polymorphisms aggregated into 96 independent loci, which were largely novel compared to single-trait analyses. Fine-mapping refined these to 53 high-confidence causal variants enriched in immune-regulatory and odontogenic pathways. CPSF1 and SLC20A2 emerged as top-ranked genes, with tissue-specific effects mapped to coronary artery and cultured fibroblasts, respectively. Spatial projection localized genetic risk to follicular and mesenchymal compartments, consistent with developmental tissue differentiation patterns.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings reveal a shared and developmentally rooted genetic architecture underlying common oral diseases. The results highlight convergent molecular mechanisms and provide a foundation for precision-based, integrated prevention strategies that move beyond traditional single-disease frameworks.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2026.1807175","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T22:10:23Z","timestamp":1778623823000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Multivariate GWAS reveals shared genetic basis of common oral diseases"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Xiyao","family":"Ma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Implantology, Stomatological Hospital of Xiamen Medical College, and Xiamen Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases","place":["Xiamen, China"]},{"name":"Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore","place":["Singapore, Singapore"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiumei","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Implantology, Stomatological Hospital of Xiamen Medical College, and Xiamen Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases","place":["Xiamen, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"B15","first-page":"1006","article-title":"Study of prevalence of oral diseases in the population of district buner khyber pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan","volume":"3","author":"Asif","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. 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