{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T02:08:19Z","timestamp":1784858899658,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784851200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Genet."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), including Crohn\u2019s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), are associated with increased risk of osteoporosis. Beyond established environmental factors, genetic determinants and the impact of lactose intolerance on calcium\u2013phosphate balance and bone mineralization are increasingly considered. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between the LCT-13910C&amp;gt;T (rs4988235) polymorphism in the\n                      <jats:italic>MCM6<\/jats:italic>\n                      gene and bone mineral density (BMD) in IBD.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 125 patients (50 with UC, 75 with CD) and 39 healthy controls were enrolled. Genotyping was performed by high-resolution melting (HRM) analysis with Sanger sequencing confirmation for selected samples. BMD was measured at L1\u2013L4 and at the femoral neck; selected biochemical parameters were also assessed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Patients with IBD exhibited lower BMD compared with controls. Analysis of rs4988235 distribution revealed no statistically significant differences between patients and controls, although a higher frequency of the C allele and CC genotype was observed among patients. Genotype\u2013phenotype analyses showed no significant associations for most parameters; the sole exception was the femoral neck in the CD subgroup, where CT heterozygotes had higher BMD than CC homozygotes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The LCT-13910C&amp;gt;T polymorphism does not appear to be independently associated with BMD in patients with IBD in this cohort. Given the moderate sample size and lack of adjustment for key confounders, the findings should be considered exploratory and require confirmation in larger, well-controlled studies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2026.1822823","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T01:58:55Z","timestamp":1784858335000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The association between the MCM6 LCT-13910C&gt;T variant and bone mineral density in patients with inflammatory bowel disease"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Agata","family":"Picher","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Human Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences","place":["Poznan, Poland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alicja Ewa","family":"Ratajczak-Paw\u0142owska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Nutrigenetics, Department of Gastroenterology, Dietetics and Internal Diseases, Poznan University of Medical Sciences","place":["Poznan, Poland"]},{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Dietetics and Internal Diseases, Poznan University of Medical Sciences","place":["Poznan, Poland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marzena","family":"Skrzypczak-Zieli\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Human Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences","place":["Poznan, Poland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Dobrowolska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Dietetics and Internal Diseases, Poznan University of Medical Sciences","place":["Poznan, Poland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iwona","family":"Krela-Ka\u017amierczak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Nutrigenetics, Department of Gastroenterology, Dietetics and Internal Diseases, Poznan University of Medical Sciences","place":["Poznan, Poland"]},{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Dietetics and Internal Diseases, Poznan University of Medical Sciences","place":["Poznan, Poland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","first-page":"145","article-title":"Osteopenia and osteoporosis in patients with new diagnosis of inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"56","author":"Adriani","year":"2014","journal-title":"Panminerva Med."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(19)30173-6","article-title":"Comorbidities in inflammatory bowel disease: a call for action","volume":"4","author":"Argollo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0000000000000595","article-title":"Functional significance of single nucleotide polymorphisms in the lactase gene in diverse United States subjects and evidence for a novel lactase persistence allele at -13909 in those of European ancestry","volume":"60","author":"Baffour-Awuah","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2007.07.012","article-title":"Lactase persistence\/non-persistence variants, C\/T_13910 and G\/A_22018, as a diagnostic tool for lactose intolerance in IBS patients","volume":"386","author":"Bernardes-Silva","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-133-10-200011210-00012","article-title":"The incidence of fracture among patients with inflammatory bowel disease: a population-based cohort study","volume":"133","author":"Bernstein","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ann. Intern Med."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.1086\/421051","article-title":"Genetic signatures of strong recent positive selection at the lactase gene","volume":"74","author":"Bersaglieri","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"B7","first-page":"889","article-title":"Structure of the chromosomal gene and cDNAs coding for lactase-phlorizin hydrolase in humans with adult-type hypolactasia or persistence of lactase","volume":"48","author":"Boll","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am. J. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1793","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.2002.33600","article-title":"Lactose malabsorption and intolerance and peak bone mass","volume":"122","author":"Di Stefano","year":"2002","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2011.04799.x","article-title":"Association of lactose sensitivity with inflammatory bowel disease - demonstrated by analysis of genetic polymorphism, breath gases and symptoms","volume":"34","author":"Eadala","year":"2011","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/1757-4749-4-6","article-title":"Lactase persistence, NOD2 status and Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection associations to inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"4","author":"Elguezabal","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gut Pathog."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3508","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v13.i25.3508","article-title":"Correlation of intestinal disaccharidase activities with the C\/T-13910 variant and age","volume":"13","author":"Enattah","year":"2007","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e24202","DOI":"10.1002\/ajhb.24202","article-title":"Association between self-reported lactose intolerance, additional environmental factors, and bone mineral density in young adults","volume":"37","author":"Falbov\u00e1","year":"2025","journal-title":"Am. J. Hum. Biol."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4757-0620-8_1","article-title":"Genetics of lactose digestion in humans","volume":"16","author":"Flatz","year":"1987","journal-title":"Adv. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e46520","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0046520","article-title":"Several different lactase persistence associated alleles and high diversity of the lactase gene in the admixed Brazilian population","volume":"7","author":"Friedrich","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B15","volume-title":"Lactose Intolerance","author":"Goosenberg","year":"2025"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1771","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11081771","article-title":"Milk and dairy products and their nutritional contribution to the average Polish diet","volume":"11","author":"G\u00f3rska-Warsewicz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjv213","article-title":"The first European evidence-based consensus on extra-intestinal manifestations in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"10","author":"Harbord","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Crohn\u2019s Colitis"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1541","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-1241.2008.01834.x","article-title":"A re-appraisal of lactose intolerance","volume":"62","author":"Harrington","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.3945\/an.112.003368","article-title":"Dairy intake, dietary adequacy, and lactose intolerance","volume":"4","author":"Heaney","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adv. Nutr."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1279","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2006-1721","article-title":"Lactose intolerance in infants, children, and adolescents","volume":"118","author":"Heyman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.40.3.313","article-title":"Bone mineral density is reduced in patients with Crohn\u2019s disease but not in patients with ulcerative colitis: a population based study","volume":"40","author":"Jahnsen","year":"1997","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1080\/07853890510007359","article-title":"Molecular genetics of adult-type hypolactasia","volume":"37","author":"J\u00e4rvel\u00e4","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ann. Med."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10191","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241210191","article-title":"A comprehensive look at the -13910 C>T LCT gene polymorphism as a molecular marker for vitamin D and calcium levels in young adults in central and Eastern Europe: a preliminary study","volume":"24","author":"Kowal\u00f3wka","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B24","first-page":"135","article-title":"Concordance of genetic and breath tests for lactose intolerance in a tertiary referral centre","volume":"17","author":"Krawczyk","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Gastrointestin Liver Dis."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1007\/s00223-016-0192-9","article-title":"Bone metabolism and the c.-223C > T polymorphism in the 5\u2032UTR region of the osteoprotegerin gene in patients with inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"99","author":"Krela-Ka\u017amierczak","year":"2016","journal-title":"Calcif. Tissue Int."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.20452\/pamw.4292","article-title":"Prevalence of osteoporosis and osteopenia in a population of patients with inflammatory bowel diseases from the Wielkopolska region","volume":"128","author":"Krela-Ka\u017amierczak","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pol. Arch. Intern Med."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1002\/ibd.20541","article-title":"Body mass and composition affect bone density in recently diagnosed inflammatory bowel disease: the Manitoba IBD cohort study","volume":"15","author":"Leslie","year":"2009","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15051151","article-title":"Risk factors for osteoporosis among patients with inflammatory bowel disease\u2014do we already know everything?","volume":"15","author":"Lewandowski","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.18388\/abp.2010_2448","article-title":"Adult-type hypolactasia and lactose malabsorption in Poland","volume":"57","author":"M\u0105dry","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Biochim. Pol."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.37527\/2012.62.1.004","article-title":"Calcium supplementation, bone mineral density and bone mineral content. Predictors of bone mass changes in adolescent mothers during the 6-month postpartum period","volume":"62","author":"Malpeli","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch. Latinoam. Nutr."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1186\/s41043-025-00946-8","article-title":"Prevalence of osteoporosis in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"44","author":"Marzban Abbas Abadi","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Health Popul. Nutr."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2080","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2019-318404","article-title":"Update on lactose malabsorption and intolerance: pathogenesis, diagnosis and clinical management","volume":"68","author":"Misselwitz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0194966","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0194966","article-title":"Analysis of LCT-13910 genotypes and bone mineral density in ancient skeletal materials","volume":"13","author":"Mnich","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1140","DOI":"10.1017\/bjn20061977","article-title":"Skeletal site-dependent response of bone mineral density and quantitative ultrasound parameters following a 12-month dietary intervention using dairy products fortified with calcium and vitamin D: the postmenopausal health study","volume":"96","author":"Moschonis","year":"2006","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14866","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241914866","article-title":"Genotype prevalence of lactose deficiency, vitamin D deficiency, and the vitamin D receptor in a Chilean inflammatory bowel disease cohort: insights from an observational study","volume":"24","author":"P\u00e9rez-Jeldres","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.3378\/027.086.0101","article-title":"Lactase persistence variants in Arabia and in the African Arabs","volume":"86","author":"Priehodov\u00e1","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hum. Biol."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111043","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2020.111043","article-title":"Lactose intolerance in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases and dietary management in prevention of osteoporosis","volume":"82","author":"Ratajczak","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.23736\/S1121-421X.20.02672-0","article-title":"Predictors of risk of fracture in inflammatory bowel diseases: a prospective study using FRAX score","volume":"66","author":"Ribaldone","year":"2020","journal-title":"Minerva Gastroenterol. Dietol."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00223-015-0062-x","article-title":"Effects of dairy products consumption on health: benefits and beliefs\u2014a commentary from the Belgian bone club and the European Society for clinical and economic aspects of osteoporosis, osteoarthritis and musculoskeletal diseases","volume":"98","author":"Rozenberg","year":"2015","journal-title":"Calcif. Tissue Int."},{"key":"B40","article-title":"Nutrition Standards for the Population of Poland","author":"Rychlik","year":"2024"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1840","DOI":"10.1038\/s41366-025-01833-2","article-title":"The influence of physical activity intensity on bone mineral density and trabecular bone score in young adults with overweight and obesity","volume":"49","author":"Sanchez-Trigo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes. (Lond)"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.37.1.71","article-title":"A controlled study of bone mineral density in patients with inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"37","author":"Silvennoinen","year":"1995","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"B43","first-page":"2070","volume-title":"Interna Szczeklika","author":"Szczeklik","year":"2017"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1038\/ng1946","article-title":"Convergent adaptation of human lactase persistence in Africa and Europe","volume":"39","author":"Tishkoff","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrfmmm.2010.01.020","article-title":"Dietary factors in chronic inflammation: food tolerances and intolerances of a New Zealand Caucasian Crohn\u2019s disease population","volume":"690","author":"Triggs","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mutat. Res. Mol. Mech. Mutagen"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1111\/ijcp.12526","article-title":"Risks and predictors of osteoporosis in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases in an Asian population: a nationwide population-based cohort study","volume":"69","author":"Tsai","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Pract."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Genetics"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fgene.2026.1822823\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T01:58:57Z","timestamp":1784858337000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fgene.2026.1822823\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]]},"references-count":46,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fgene.2026.1822823"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fgene.2026.1822823","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-8021"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-8021","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]]},"article-number":"1822823"}}