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Genet."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Epigenetic mechanisms, including microRNAs (miRNAs), are increasingly recognized as crucial regulators of organ fibrosis. In this study, we investigated the role of miR-24 in hepatic stellate cell (HSC) activation and liver fibrosis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      miR-24 expression was analyzed in carbon tetrachloride (CCl\n                      <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                      )-induced liver fibrosis and activated HSCs using quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). Gain- and loss-of-function experiments of miR-24 were performed\n                      <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Western blotting, qRT-PCR, 5-ethynyl-2\u2032-deoxyuridine (EdU) staining, flow cytometry, luciferase reporter assays, bioinformatics analysis, and chromatin immunoprecipitation PCR (ChIP-PCR) were performed to examine the molecular mechanisms of miR-24. Serum miR-24 levels were measured in patients with liver cirrhosis and further analyzed by subgroup.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We observed significant downregulation of miR-24 in CCl\n                      <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                      -induced liver fibrosis and activated HSCs. Functional assays showed that miR-24 overexpression markedly inhibited HSC activation and migration, whereas miR-24 inhibition had the opposite effects. Mechanistically, ALK4 was identified as a direct target of miR-24: miR-24 bound the 3\u2032UTR of ALK4 mRNA, thereby suppressing Smad3 phosphorylation and downstream fibrosis-associated signaling pathways. Furthermore, the transcription factor RUNX1 was induced during HSC activation, and it transcriptionally repressed miR-24 expression. Clinically, serum miR-24 levels were significantly lower in patients with liver cirrhosis than in healthy controls and were negatively correlated with Child\u2013Pugh grade.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our findings suggest that the RUNX1\/miR-24\/ALK4 axis plays a crucial role in HSC activation and migration. miR-24 may serve as a biomarker for liver fibrosis screening, representing a potential therapeutic target for anti-fibrotic intervention.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2026.1825784","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T22:10:11Z","timestamp":1777500611000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["RUNX1-mediated repression of miR-24 promotes hepatic stellate cell activation and liver fibrosis by targeting the ALK4\/Smad3 signaling pathway"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Zhijing","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University","place":["Shanghai, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Meiyi","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University","place":["Shanghai, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yingying","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital","place":["Jinan, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University","place":["Shanghai, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lu","family":"Xia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University","place":["Shanghai, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological Sciences, Jinan University","place":["Guangzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Changqing","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University","place":["Shanghai, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"838","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.2366","article-title":"The paradoxical TGF-beta vasculopathies","volume":"44","author":"Akhurst","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. 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