{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T23:06:31Z","timestamp":1788908791199,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788912000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001409","name":"Department of Science and Technology, Ministry of Science and Technology, India","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001409","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Genet."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>Aedes aegypti<\/jats:italic>\n                      is the primary arboviral vector globally, and its affinity to feed on human hosts is a key determinant of transmission intensity. Despite the epidemiological importance of anthropophily, the genomic architecture underlying the molecular basis of host-feeding behavior remains understudied.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Here, we present an integrated genome-wide association study (GWAS) and structural variant analysis of host-feeding behavior in 21 field-collected\n                      <jats:italic>Ae. aegypti<\/jats:italic>\n                      females phenotyped as human-blood-fed (HF; n = 11) or non-human-blood-fed (NHF; n = 10). Whole-genome sequencing yielded 661,519 high-quality SNPs distributed across all three chromosomes. Principal component analysis on a linkage disequilibrium-pruned dataset revealed modest population structure (PC1 = 11.69%, PC2 = 10.98%).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      GWAS using a general linear model with five PC covariates (\u03bb = 1.05) identified 11 suggestive SNPs in genes including an actin binding protein on chromosome 2 and G-protein coupled receptor 39 on chromosome 3. Chromosomal inversion analysis using Delly identified an HF-specific inversion on chromosome 2 harboring 13 genes across three functionally coherent chemosensory categories: the sensory developmental regulator tap, odorant receptors\n                      <jats:italic>(Or6, Or31, Or33)<\/jats:italic>\n                      and an odorant-binding protein (\n                      <jats:italic>Gp68<\/jats:italic>\n                      ), and eight gustatory receptor genes (\n                      <jats:italic>Gr15\u2013Gr19a, Gr35, Gr36, Gr66<\/jats:italic>\n                      ).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The concentration of co-adapted chemosensory genes within a single non-recombining chromosomal unit is consistent with a possible supergene model of anthropophily, paralleling inversion-mediated behavioral divergence in\n                      <jats:italic>Anopheles gambiae<\/jats:italic>\n                      . These exploratory findings provide a preliminary genomic framework for host-seeking behavior in Ae. aegypti and identify probable candidate loci warranting functional validation before application to vector surveillance.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2026.1910877","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T22:10:19Z","timestamp":1788905419000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Genomic analysis identifies candidate supergene architecture for host-feeding behavior in wild Aedes aegypti dengue vector mosquitoes"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Devojit Kumar","family":"Sarma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"ICMR-National Institute for Research in Environmental Health","place":["Bhopal, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sudeesh","family":"Warkare","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICMR-National Institute for Research in Environmental Health","place":["Bhopal, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sweta","family":"Mishra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICMR-National Institute for Research in Environmental Health","place":["Bhopal, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deepanker","family":"Das","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICMR-National Institute for Research in Environmental Health","place":["Bhopal, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lokendra","family":"Rathod","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICMR-National Institute for Research in Environmental Health","place":["Bhopal, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manoj","family":"Kumawat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indian Institute of Science Education and Research","place":["Bhopal, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siddharth","family":"Singh Tomar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICMR-National Institute for Research in Environmental Health","place":["Bhopal, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samradhi","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICMR-National Institute for Research in Environmental Health","place":["Bhopal, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manoj","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICMR-National Institute for Research in Environmental Health","place":["Bhopal, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rajnarayan R.","family":"Tiwari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICMR-National Institute for Research in Environmental Health","place":["Bhopal, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81600","DOI":"10.3389\/FGENE.2014.00129\/TEXT","article-title":"Adaptation through chromosomal inversions in anopheles","volume":"5","author":"Ayala","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Genet."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12060","article-title":"The global distribution and burden of dengue","volume":"496","author":"Bhatt","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1603\/ME10207","article-title":"Changes in host-seeking behavior of Puerto Rican Aedes aegypti after colonization","volume":"48","author":"Clark","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"867231","DOI":"10.3389\/FGENE.2022.867231","article-title":"Genome-wide association study reveals new loci associated with pyrethroid resistance in Aedes aegypti","volume":"13","author":"Cosme","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Genet."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1186\/S12915-017-0351-0","article-title":"Population genomics reveals that an anthropophilic population of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes in West Africa recently gave rise to American and Asian populations of this major disease vector","volume":"15","author":"Crawford","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Biol."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eads3732","DOI":"10.1126\/science.ads3732","article-title":"1206 genomes reveal origin and movement of Aedes aegypti driving increased dengue risk","volume":"389","author":"Crawford","year":"2025","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12206","article-title":"Orco mutant mosquitoes lose strong preference for humans and are not repelled by volatile DEET","volume":"498","author":"Degennaro","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. 2013"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1119(97)00021-8","article-title":"Tap, a drosophila bHLH gene expressed in chemosensory organs","volume":"191","author":"Gautier","year":"1997","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e62206","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.62206","article-title":"Biological constraints on GWAS SNPs at suggestive significance thresholds reveal additional BMI loci","volume":"10","author":"Hammond","year":"2021","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1076196","article-title":"G protein-coupled receptors in Anopheles gambiae","volume":"298","author":"Hill","year":"2002","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1534\/GENETICS.105.047985","article-title":"Chromosome inversions, local adaptation and speciation","volume":"173","author":"Kirkpatrick","year":"2006","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e08347","DOI":"10.7554\/ELIFE.08347","article-title":"The global distribution of the arbovirus vectors Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus","volume":"4","author":"Kraemer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.4103\/0972-9062.331413","article-title":"Morphological and molecular characterization of Aedes aegypti variant collected from Tamil Nadu, India","volume":"59","author":"Kumar","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Vector Borne Dis."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.4269\/AJTMH.15-0336","article-title":"Changes in genetic diversity from field to laboratory during colonization of Anopheles darlingi root (Diptera: culicidae)","volume":"93","author":"Lainhart","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1387\/ijdb.9551861","article-title":"Expression and function of tap in the gustatory and olfactory organs of Drosophila","volume":"42","author":"Ledent","year":"1998","journal-title":"Int. J. Dev. Biol."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6474","DOI":"10.1038\/srep06474","article-title":"Role of G-protein-coupled receptor-related genes in insecticide resistance of the mosquito, Culex quinquefasciatus","volume":"4","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. Reports"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1006303","DOI":"10.1371\/JOURNAL.PGEN.1006303","article-title":"The genetic basis of host preference and resting behavior in the major African malaria vector, Anopheles arabiensis","volume":"12","author":"Main","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS Genet."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0692-z","article-title":"Improved reference genome of Aedes aegypti informs arbovirus vector control","volume":"563","author":"Matthews","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13964","article-title":"Evolution of mosquito preference for humans linked to an odorant receptor","volume":"515","author":"McBride","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1060","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2013.12.044","article-title":"Multimodal integration of carbon dioxide and other sensory cues drives mosquito attraction to humans","volume":"156","author":"McMeniman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn1365","article-title":"Genes and ligands for odorant, vomeronasal and taste receptors","volume":"5","author":"Mombaerts","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2025.05.004","article-title":"The sensory arsenal mosquitoes use to find us","volume":"41","author":"Montell","year":"2025","journal-title":"Trends Parasitology"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1006916","DOI":"10.1371\/JOURNAL.PGEN.1006916","article-title":"Statistical correction of the Winner\u2019s curse explains replication variability in quantitative trait genome-wide association studies","volume":"13","author":"Palmer","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Genet."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"i333","DOI":"10.1093\/BIOINFORMATICS\/BTS378","article-title":"DELLY: structural variant discovery by integrated paired-end and split-read analysis","volume":"28","author":"Rausch","year":"2012","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1186\/S12915-020-0757-Y","article-title":"Linked-read sequencing identifies abundant microinversions and introgression in the arboviral vector Aedes aegypti","volume":"18","author":"Redmond","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Biol."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e25813","DOI":"10.7554\/ELIFE.25813","article-title":"The Anopheles gambiae 2La chromosome inversion is associated with susceptibility to Plasmodium falciparum in Africa","volume":"6","author":"Riehle","year":"2017","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e83524","DOI":"10.7554\/ELIFE.83524","article-title":"Dating the origin and spread of specialization on human hosts in Aedes aegypti mosquitoes","volume":"12","author":"Rose","year":"2023","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1007\/S00114-013-1021-X","article-title":"Gustatory receptor neuron responds to DEET and other insect repellents in the yellow-fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti","volume":"100","author":"Sanford","year":"2013","journal-title":"Naturwissenschaften"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.3390\/MICROORGANISMS10020332","article-title":"Influence of host blood meal source on gut microbiota of wild caught Aedes aegypti, a dominant arboviral disease vector","volume":"10","author":"Sarma","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101280","DOI":"10.1016\/J.COIS.2024.101280","article-title":"Chromosomal inversions and their impact on insect evolution","volume":"66","author":"Sharakhov","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Insect Sci."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108043","DOI":"10.1016\/J.ACTATROPICA.2026.108043","article-title":"Mitochondrial COI gene based population genetic structure and diversity of Aedes aegypti populations across diverse climatic regions of India","volume":"277","author":"Sharma","year":"","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"tjag122","DOI":"10.1093\/jme\/tjag122","article-title":"Population genetics of Aedes aegypti (diptera: culicidae) in India reveals high connectivity and weak geographic and climatic structuring","volume":"63","author":"Sharma","year":"","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomology"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ibmb.2013.10.005","article-title":"Gustatory receptor expression in the labella and tarsi of Aedes aegypti","volume":"43","author":"Sparks","year":"2013","journal-title":"Insect biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1570","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2009.06085.x","article-title":"Olfactory receptors: g protein\u2010coupled receptors and beyond","volume":"109","author":"Spehr","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Neurochemistry"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0011486","DOI":"10.1371\/JOURNAL.PNTD.0011486","article-title":"Genetic differentiation among Aedes aegypti populations from different eco-geographical zones of India","volume":"17","author":"Sumitha","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eabm8157","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abm8157","article-title":"Disruptive selection and the evolution of discrete color morphs in timema stick insects","volume":"9","author":"Villoutreix","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"B44","unstructured":"Dengue\n          \n          \n          2025"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1016\/J.GPB.2020.10.007","article-title":"rMVP: a memory-efficient, visualization-enhanced, and parallel-accelerated tool for genome-wide association study","volume":"19","author":"Yin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Genomics Proteomics Bioinformatics"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-04675-4","article-title":"Mosquito brains encode unique features of human odour to drive host seeking","volume":"605","author":"Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Genetics"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fgene.2026.1910877\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T22:10:20Z","timestamp":1788905420000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fgene.2026.1910877\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]]},"references-count":39,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fgene.2026.1910877"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fgene.2026.1910877","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-8021"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-8021","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]]},"article-number":"1910877"}}