{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T07:54:27Z","timestamp":1791186867672,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":161,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791158400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Genet."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) commonly develops in chronically diseased liver and remains challenging because of late detection, heterogeneity, recurrence and limited hepatic reserve. Immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI)-based combinations improve outcomes in advanced HCC, but durable responses occur in only a subset of patients. This structured narrative review evaluates biomarkers by intended use: surveillance and early detection, pretreatment prognostic stratification, treatment selection, on-treatment monitoring, neoadjuvant response assessment and postoperative minimal residual disease (MRD) detection. Serum alpha-fetoprotein and clinical scores are accessible but largely reflect tumor burden, inflammation or liver function. Cell-free DNA methylation and fragmentomics provide early-detection and tissue-of-origin signals, while circulating tumor DNA tracks molecular burden and clonal evolution. Tissue and spatial profiling clarify immune responsiveness and resistance, whereas radiomics and deep learning noninvasively assess whole-tumor and peritumoral heterogeneity. These modalities are complementary but require distinct evidence standards. Most early-detection studies use case-control or enriched cohorts, and most immunotherapy associations are retrospective, prognostic or monitoring-related. No biomarker yet supports routine selection among ICI regimens. Unlike modality-specific summaries, this review aligns each biomarker with a defined clinical decision and evidentiary category and proposes a longitudinal framework integrating baseline blood, imaging and tissue features with on-treatment dynamics, preoperative reassessment and postoperative molecular surveillance. Clinical translation requires standardized assays, representative multicenter cohorts, locked external validation and biomarker-guided trials demonstrating value beyond established criteria.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2026.1951687","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T07:27:32Z","timestamp":1791185252000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Multimodal biomarkers for early detection and immunotherapy assessment in hepatocellular carcinoma: integrating liquid biopsy, AI-based imaging and tumor immune profiling"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Yuli","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Food & Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Guangzhou College of Technology and Business","place":["Guangzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaolei","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Food & Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Guangzhou College of Technology and Business","place":["Guangzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanyu","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Science and Technology","place":["Luoyang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1531","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.27140","article-title":"Radiomic features of primary rectal cancers on baseline T2 -weighted MRI are associated with pathologic complete response to neoadjuvant chemoradiation: a multisite study","volume":"52","author":"Antunes","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Magn. Reson Imaging"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"00073","DOI":"10.1200\/PO.17.00073","article-title":"Landscape of microsatellite instability across 39 cancer types","volume":"2017","author":"Bonneville","year":"2017","journal-title":"JCO Precis. Oncol."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1060","DOI":"10.1097\/PAS.0000000000001922","article-title":"Neoadjuvant radiation in high-grade soft-tissue sarcomas: histopathologic features and response evaluation","volume":"46","author":"Boxberg","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Surg. Pathol."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2023-331342","article-title":"Targeting MMP9 in CTNNB1 mutant hepatocellular carcinoma restores CD8+ T cell-mediated antitumour immunity and improves anti-PD-1 efficacy","volume":"73","author":"Cai","year":"2024","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.21037\/hbsn-2024-642","article-title":"Neoadjuvant immunotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma: progress and perspectives","volume":"14","author":"Cai","year":"2025","journal-title":"Hepatobiliary Surg. Nutr."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1870","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2024-331956","article-title":"Circulating tumour DNA in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma across tumour stages and treatments","volume":"73","author":"Campani","year":"2024","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1038\/s41422-020-00457-7","article-title":"Genome-scale profiling of circulating cell-free DNA signatures for early detection of hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhotic patients","volume":"31","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Res."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1133308","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1133308","article-title":"Tumor microenvironment-mediated immune evasion in hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"14","author":"Chen","year":"","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1196","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2022-328428","article-title":"Distinct single-cell immune ecosystems distinguish true and de novo HBV-related hepatocellular carcinoma recurrences","volume":"72","author":"Chen","year":"","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.1097\/HEP.0000000000000599","article-title":"Hypoxia-driven tumor stromal remodeling and immunosuppressive microenvironment in scirrhous HCC","volume":"79","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2025.12.011","article-title":"B cells disrupt tertiary lymphoid structure formation and suppress anti-tumor immunity","volume":"44","author":"Chen","year":"2026","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eadz2742","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adz2742","article-title":"Pan-cancer spatial atlas of tertiary lymphoid structures","volume":"392","author":"Cho","year":"2026","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/s41747-024-00543-0","article-title":"Differences in technical and clinical perspectives on AI validation in cancer imaging: mind the gap","volume":"9","author":"Chouvarda","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur. Radiol. Exp."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110511","DOI":"10.5306\/wjco.v16.i10.110511","article-title":"Neoadjuvant immunotherapy in resectable hepatocellular carcinoma: a meta-analysis of the current evidence","volume":"16","author":"Cicerone","year":"2025","journal-title":"World J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3292","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-47195-7","article-title":"A cfDNA methylation-based tissue-of-origin classifier for cancers of unknown primary","volume":"15","author":"Conway","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e010928","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2024-010928","article-title":"Society for immunotherapy of cancer (SITC) consensus statement on essential biomarkers for immunotherapy clinical protocols","volume":"13","author":"Cottrell","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Immunother. Cancer"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crad.2022.09.113","article-title":"Radiomics signature based on CECT for non-invasive prediction of response to anti-PD-1 therapy in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"78","author":"Cui","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Radiol."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1186\/s13045-025-01739-6","article-title":"Combination immunotherapy in hepatocellular carcinoma: synergies among immune checkpoints, TKIs, and chemotherapy","volume":"18","author":"Dai","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Hematol. Oncol."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1871","DOI":"10.1038\/s41416-024-02849-7","article-title":"Specific features of \u00df-catenin-mutated hepatocellular carcinomas","volume":"131","author":"Dantzer","year":"2024","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41435-026-00406-1","article-title":"The tumoural landscape of lymphocytes and immune pathways in immunotherapy-treated melanoma patients","author":"de Souza","year":"2026","journal-title":"Genes Immun."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.21531","article-title":"Diagnostic value of HSP70, glypican 3, and glutamine synthetase in hepatocellular nodules in cirrhosis","volume":"45","author":"Di Tommaso","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2008.11.014","article-title":"The application of markers (HSP70 GPC3 and GS) in liver biopsies is useful for detection of hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"50","author":"Di Tommaso","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1465","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(24)00457-1","article-title":"Pathological response following neoadjuvant immune checkpoint inhibitors in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma: a cross-trial, patient-level analysis","volume":"25","author":"D\u2019Alessio","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e210068","DOI":"10.1148\/rycan.210068","article-title":"Baseline CT-based radiomic features aid prediction of nodal positivity after neoadjuvant therapy in pancreatic cancer","volume":"4","author":"Elsherif","year":"2022","journal-title":"Radiol. Imaging Cancer"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587-022-01222-4","article-title":"Inferring gene expression from cell-free DNA fragmentation profiles","volume":"40","author":"Esfahani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1007\/s00535-019-01620-7","article-title":"Microsatellite instability and immune checkpoint inhibitors: toward precision medicine against gastrointestinal and hepatobiliary cancers","volume":"55","author":"Eso","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-06991-9","article-title":"Matrix viscoelasticity promotes liver cancer progression in the pre-cirrhotic liver","volume":"626","author":"Fan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-021-08138-3","article-title":"PIVKA-II serves as a potential biomarker that complements AFP for the diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"21","author":"Feng","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Cancer"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10259","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-54710-3","article-title":"Spatially organized tumor-stroma boundary determines the efficacy of immunotherapy in colorectal cancer patients","volume":"15","author":"Feng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.CD-22-0659","article-title":"Detecting liver cancer using cell-free DNA fragmentomes","volume":"13","author":"Foda","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancer Discov."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8665","DOI":"10.3390\/curroncol30090628","article-title":"Current evidence for immune checkpoint inhibition in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"30","author":"Foy","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr. Oncol."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2323","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-15-1961","article-title":"The role of neoadjuvant trials in drug development for solid tumors","volume":"22","author":"Funt","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2000","DOI":"10.1007\/s11547-025-02090-z","article-title":"Radiomics integrated with machine and deep learning analysis of T2-weighted and arterial-phase T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging for non-invasive detection of metastatic axillary lymph nodes in breast cancer","volume":"130","author":"Fusco","year":"2025","journal-title":"Radiol. Med."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1535","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2000.02091.x","article-title":"Sensitivity of commonly available screening tests in detecting hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhotic patients undergoing liver transplantation","volume":"95","author":"Gambarin-Gelwan","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1007\/s10549-024-07366-y","article-title":"Measuring cfDNA integrity as a biomarker for predicting neoadjuvant chemotherapy response in breast cancer patients: a pilot study","volume":"206","author":"Giro","year":"2024","journal-title":"Breast Cancer Res. Treat."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-023-01907-3","article-title":"New opportunities to individualize frontline therapy in advanced stages of hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"83","author":"Gordan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.1038\/s41571-023-00816-4","article-title":"Biomarkers for immunotherapy of hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"20","author":"Greten","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2222721","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.22721","article-title":"Toxicity profiles of systemic therapies for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"5","author":"Griffiths","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2025.01.001","article-title":"Contrasting cytotoxic and regulatory T cell responses underlying distinct clinical outcomes to anti-PD-1 plus lenvatinib therapy in cancer","volume":"43","author":"Guo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2716","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-023-10241-x","article-title":"Delta-radiomics features for predicting the major pathological response to neoadjuvant chemoimmunotherapy in non-small cell lung cancer","volume":"34","author":"Han","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. Radiol."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v28.i2.216","article-title":"Update on the applications and limitations of alpha-fetoprotein for hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"28","author":"Hanif","year":"2022","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9122","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-64153-z","article-title":"Analysis of cfDNA fragmentomics metrics and commercial targeted sequencing panels","volume":"16","author":"Helzer","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S1535","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2026.06.006","article-title":"GABA promotes resistance to immunotherapy in patients with TLS-positive tumors","volume":"44","author":"Hern\u00e1ndez-Verdin","year":"2026","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.21037\/hbsn-22-579","article-title":"Management of hepatocellular carcinoma recurrence after liver surgery and thermal ablations: state of the art and future perspectives","volume":"13","author":"Herrero","year":"2024","journal-title":"Hepatobiliary Surg. Nutr."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtho.2016.11.2228","article-title":"PD-L1 immunohistochemistry assays for lung cancer: results from phase 1 of the blueprint PD-L1 IHC assay comparison project","volume":"12","author":"Hirsch","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Thorac. Oncol."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1038\/s43018-021-00234-4","article-title":"Neoadjuvant cabozantinib and nivolumab converts locally advanced HCC into resectable disease with enhanced antitumor immunity","volume":"2","author":"Ho","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Cancer"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.4132\/jptm.2021.07.26","article-title":"Prognostic significance of viable tumor size measurement in hepatocellular carcinomas after preoperative locoregional treatment","volume":"55","author":"Hwang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Pathol. Transl. Med."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1159\/000549565","article-title":"Clinical feasibility of circulating tumor DNA in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma treated with atezolizumab plus bevacizumab","author":"Hwang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Liver Cancer"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1518","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-17-0289","article-title":"Immunotherapy of hepatocellular carcinoma: facts and hopes","volume":"24","author":"I\u00f1arrairaegui","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70117","DOI":"10.1002\/imt2.70117","article-title":"Spatial multi-omics identifies a NOTCH3-mediated capillary-mCAF crosstalk driving immune exclusion in hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"5","author":"Ji","year":"2026","journal-title":"Imeta"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1159\/000546966","article-title":"The evolving role of imaging in hepatocellular carcinoma: from pathomolecular profiling to prognostic decision-making","volume":"15","author":"Jiang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Liver Cancer"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trecan.2023.08.010","article-title":"Circulating cell-free DNA-based multi-cancer early detection","volume":"10","author":"K","year":"2024","journal-title":"Trends Cancer"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics16050649","article-title":"Liver tumor segmentation with deep learning: a comparative analysis of CNN-transformer-and YOLO-based models on the ATLAS MRI","volume":"16","author":"Karaba\u011f","year":"2026","journal-title":"Diagn. (Basel)"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2021.05.007","article-title":"Liver fibrosis promotes immune escape in hepatocellular carcinoma via GOLM1-mediated PD-L1 upregulation","volume":"513","author":"Ke","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancer Lett."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6723","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-022-08985-z","article-title":"Diagnostic performance of CT versus MRI liver imaging reporting and data system category 5 for hepatocellular carcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis of comparative studies","volume":"32","author":"Kim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. Radiol."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100595","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crmeth.2023.100595","article-title":"Dual-modality imaging of immunofluorescence and imaging mass cytometry for whole-slide imaging and accurate segmentation","volume":"3","author":"Kim","year":"","journal-title":"Cell Rep. Methods"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.3350\/cmh.2022.0212","article-title":"Utility of combining PIVKA-II and AFP in the surveillance and monitoring of hepatocellular carcinoma in the Asia-Pacific region","volume":"29","author":"Kim","year":"","journal-title":"Clin. Mol. Hepatol."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.4143\/crt.2019.195","article-title":"High-throughput multiplex immunohistochemical imaging of the tumor and its microenvironment","volume":"52","author":"Koh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancer Res. Treat."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"926","DOI":"10.1097\/HEP.0000000000000237","article-title":"Mechanisms of drug resistance in HCC","volume":"79","author":"Ladd","year":"2024","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-24-1594","article-title":"Chemotherapy drives tertiary lymphoid structures that correlate with ICI-responsive TCF1+CD8+ T cells in metastatic ovarian cancer","volume":"31","author":"Lanickova","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e010851","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2024-010851","article-title":"Programmed death-1 inhibition increases vaccine-induced T-cell infiltration in patients with prostate cancer","volume":"13","author":"Lassoued","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Immunother. Cancer"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111601","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2024.111601","article-title":"Prognostic value of lateral lymph node metastasis in pretreatment MRI for rectal cancer in patients undergoing neoadjuvant chemoradiation followed by surgical resection without lateral lymph node dissection: a systemic review and meta-analysis","volume":"178","author":"Lee","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. J. Radiol."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e002485","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2021-002485","article-title":"Neoadjuvant immunoradiotherapy results in high rate of complete pathological response and clinical to pathological downstaging in locally advanced head and neck squamous cell carcinoma","volume":"9","author":"Leidner","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Immunother. Cancer"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1663","DOI":"10.1038\/s41416-022-01743-4","article-title":"Biomarkers of response to PD-1 pathway blockade","volume":"126","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2024.05.037","article-title":"Immunotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma: the next evolution in expanding access to liver transplantation","volume":"81","author":"Li","year":"","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1186\/s40364-024-00669-8","article-title":"Novel insights into the role of immunomodulatory extracellular vesicles in the pathogenesis of liver fibrosis","volume":"12","author":"Li","year":"","journal-title":"Biomark. Res."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e14661","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202514661","article-title":"Spatial transcriptomics and snRNA-seq expose CAF niches orchestrating dual stromal-immune barriers in hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"12","author":"Li","year":"","journal-title":"Adv. Sci. (Weinh)"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2786","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-57988-z","article-title":"Dynamic ctDNA tracking stratifies relapse risk for triple negative breast cancer patients receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy","volume":"16","author":"Li","year":"","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0925","DOI":"10.1097\/HC9.0000000000000925","article-title":"Construction of TLS-related gene signature for predicting prognosis and immunotherapy response in hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"10","author":"Li","year":"2026","journal-title":"Hepatol. Commun."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2410998","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202410998","article-title":"Tertiary lymphoid structures are linked to enhanced antitumor immunity and better prognosis in muscle-invasive bladder cancer","volume":"12","author":"Lin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Sci. (Weinh)"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.3350\/cmh.2022.0039","article-title":"Gut-derived lipopolysaccharide promotes alcoholic hepatosteatosis and subsequent hepatocellular carcinoma by stimulating neutrophil extracellular traps through toll-like receptor 4","volume":"28","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Mol. Hepatol."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2023.01.011","article-title":"Identification of a tumour immune barrier in the HCC microenvironment that determines the efficacy of immunotherapy","volume":"78","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e07167","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202507167","article-title":"PLAUR+ neutrophils drive anti-PD-1 therapy resistance in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma by shaping an immunosuppressive microenvironment","volume":"12","author":"Liu","year":"","journal-title":"Adv. Sci. (Weinh)"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1741398","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1741398","article-title":"New insights into combined immunotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma associated with liver cirrhosis","volume":"16","author":"Liu","year":"","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4576","DOI":"10.1097\/JS9.0000000000002488","article-title":"Deep learning-based radiomics and machine learning for prognostic assessment in IDH-wildtype glioblastoma after maximal safe surgical resection: a multicenter study","volume":"111","author":"Liu","year":"","journal-title":"Int. J. Surg."},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3047","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-025-03873-7","article-title":"Immunotherapy and senolytics in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: phase 2 trial results","volume":"31","author":"Liu","year":"","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102334","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xcrm.2025.102334","article-title":"ctDNA detects residual disease after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy and guides adjuvant therapy in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma","volume":"6","author":"Liu","year":"","journal-title":"Cell Rep. Med."},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4608","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-59865-1","article-title":"Neoadjuvant with low-dose radiotherapy, tislelizumab, albumin-bound paclitaxel, and cisplatin for resectable locally advanced head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: phase II single-arm trial","volume":"16","author":"Liu","year":"","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.3892\/ol.2025.15363","article-title":"Intratumoral and peritumoral radiomics of MRI predict pathological differentiation in patients with rectal cancer","volume":"31","author":"Liu","year":"","journal-title":"Oncol. Lett."},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-026-02589-7","article-title":"Artificial intelligence models: transforming early diagnosis and precise treatment of gastrointestinal cancers","volume":"25","author":"Liu","year":"","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1038\/s41571-024-00868-0","article-title":"Adjuvant and neoadjuvant immunotherapies in hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"21","author":"Llovet","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-025-02226-9","article-title":"Single-cell RNA sequencing identifies molecular biomarkers predicting late progression to CDK4\/6 inhibition in patients with HR+\/HER2-metastatic breast cancer","volume":"24","author":"Luo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1663","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers12061663","article-title":"Molecular bases of drug resistance in hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"12","author":"Marin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(21)00385-X","article-title":"Neoadjuvant cemiplimab for resectable hepatocellular carcinoma: a single-arm, open-label, phase 2 trial","volume":"7","author":"Marron","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3367","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14143367","article-title":"Circulating cell-free DNA profiling predicts the therapeutic outcome in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma patients treated with combination immunotherapy","volume":"14","author":"Matsumae","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2501","DOI":"10.2147\/JHC.S552316","article-title":"Risk factors for recurrence in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma after curative resection or ablation","volume":"12","author":"Meng","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Hepatocell. Carcinoma"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2022.02.001","article-title":"Tertiary lymphoid structures generate and propagate anti-tumor antibody-producing plasma cells in renal cell cancer","volume":"55","author":"Meylan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1159\/000547996","article-title":"Tumor mutational burden as a prognostic biomarker for relapse-free survival in hepatocellular carcinoma: insights from long-term follow-up","author":"Miura","year":"2025","journal-title":"Liver Cancer"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2021-325918","article-title":"Inflamed and non-inflamed classes of HCC: a revised immunogenomic classification","volume":"72","author":"Montironi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1469","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2023.08.020","article-title":"AFP-L3 and DCP strongly predict early hepatocellular carcinoma recurrence after liver transplantation","volume":"79","author":"Norman","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100336","DOI":"10.1016\/j.esmoop.2021.100336","article-title":"Real-world application of tumor mutational burden-high (TMB-high) and microsatellite instability (MSI) confirms their utility as immunotherapy biomarkers","volume":"7","author":"Palmeri","year":"2022","journal-title":"ESMO Open"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2309422","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202309422","article-title":"Plasma cell-free DNA concentration and fragmentomes predict neoadjuvant chemotherapy response in cervical cancer patients","volume":"11","author":"Peng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Sci. (Weinh)"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e014030","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2025-014030","article-title":"Melanoma cell states shape spatial tumor-immune ecosystems to dictate the efficacy of anti-PD1 immunotherapy","volume":"14","author":"Pham","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Immunother. Cancer"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2021","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-18-3778","article-title":"Immune exclusion-wnt\/CTNNB1 class predicts resistance to immunotherapies in HCC","volume":"25","author":"Pinyol","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2025-335084","article-title":"Targeting treg-fibroblast interaction to enhance immunotherapy in steatotic liver disease-related hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"75","author":"Prawira","year":"2025","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101719","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xcrm.2024.101719","article-title":"Radiomics in breast cancer: current advances and future directions","volume":"5","author":"Qi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Rep. Med."},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-1596-7-149","article-title":"The diagnostic value of arginase-1 immunostaining in differentiating hepatocellular carcinoma from metastatic carcinoma and cholangiocarcinoma as compared to HepPar-1","volume":"7","author":"Radwan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Diagn Pathol."},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.21037\/hbsn-24-107","article-title":"The risk of hepatocellular carcinoma recurrence after liver transplantation increases with locoregional therapies in patients initially within milan criteria","volume":"14","author":"Rhu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Hepatobiliary Surg. Nutr."},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-23-1698","article-title":"Integrating AI-powered digital pathology and imaging mass cytometry identifies key classifiers of tumor cells, stroma, and immune cells in non-small cell lung cancer","volume":"84","author":"Rigamonti","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2023.03.003","article-title":"Combination immunotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"79","author":"Rimassa","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2025.03.033","article-title":"Five-year overall survival update from the HIMALAYA study of tremelimumab plus durvalumab in unresectable HCC","volume":"83","author":"Rimassa","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1186\/s41747-026-00691-5","article-title":"Tumor morphology on CT radiomics is largely driven by the local anatomical environment, not the primary tumor type","volume":"10","author":"Rostami","year":"2026","journal-title":"Eur. Radiol. Exp."},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1124","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.CD-19-0074","article-title":"\u03b2-catenin activation promotes immune escape and resistance to anti-PD-1 therapy in hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"9","author":"Ruiz de Galarreta","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cancer Discov."},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2024.02.005","article-title":"Four-year overall survival update from the phase III HIMALAYA study of tremelimumab plus durvalumab in unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"35","author":"Sangro","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ann. Oncol."},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2021.09.035","article-title":"Prognosis of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma treated with immunotherapy - development and validation of the CRAFITY score","volume":"76","author":"Scheiner","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1737","DOI":"10.1038\/s41416-024-02882-6","article-title":"Spatial analysis by current multiplexed imaging technologies for the molecular characterisation of cancer tissues","volume":"131","author":"Semba","year":"2024","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1132","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-025-01308-4","article-title":"Immune microenvironment in hepatocellular carcinoma: from pathogenesis to immunotherapy","volume":"22","author":"Seyhan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1403","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1349-7006.2009.01206.x","article-title":"Glypican-3 expression is correlated with poor prognosis in hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"100","author":"Shirakawa","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cancer Sci."},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1911","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.2015.92","article-title":"Tumour antigen expression in hepatocellular carcinoma in a low-endemic western area","volume":"112","author":"Sideras","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1545000","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1545000","article-title":"Intratumoral immunotherapy prior to cancer surgery, a promising therapeutic approach","volume":"16","author":"Silihe Kamga","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1922","DOI":"10.1097\/HEP.0000000000000466","article-title":"AASLD practice guidance on prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"78","author":"Singal","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0430","DOI":"10.1097\/HC9.0000000000000430","article-title":"Neoadjuvant and adjuvant systemic therapy in HCC: current status and the future","volume":"8","author":"Singal","year":"2024","journal-title":"Hepatol. Commun."},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e005924","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2022-005924","article-title":"Liquid biopsy approaches to capture tumor evolution and clinical outcomes during cancer immunotherapy","volume":"11","author":"Sivapalan","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Immunother. Cancer"},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1356","DOI":"10.1038\/s41416-023-02463-z","article-title":"Stratifying ICIs-responsive tumor microenvironment in HCC: from parsing out immune-hypoxic crosstalk to clinically applicable MRI-radiomics models","volume":"130","author":"Song","year":"2024","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8803","DOI":"10.1097\/MS9.0000000000004166","article-title":"Assessing the generalizability of artificial intelligence in radiology: a systematic review of performance across different clinical settings","volume":"87","author":"Suleman","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ann. Med. Surg. (Lond)"},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.11.041","article-title":"Single-cell landscape of the ecosystem in early-relapse hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"184","author":"Sun","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1186\/s13045-025-01732-z","article-title":"The role of neoantigens and tumor mutational burden in cancer immunotherapy: advances, mechanisms, and perspectives","volume":"18","author":"Sun","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Hematol. Oncol."},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.3350\/cmh.2021.0308","article-title":"Crosstalk between tumor-associated macrophages and neighboring cells in hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"28","author":"Sung","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Mol. Hepatol."},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e007030","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2023-007030","article-title":"Single-cell RNA-sequencing atlas reveals an FABP1-dependent immunosuppressive environment in hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"11","author":"Tang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Immunother. Cancer"},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1038\/s41698-024-00756-x","article-title":"Tertiary lymphoid structures potentially promote immune checkpoint inhibitor response in SMARCB1-deficient medullary renal cell carcinoma","volume":"8","author":"Tang","year":"2024","journal-title":"NPJ Precis. Oncol."},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109519","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2022.109519","article-title":"Evaluating liver function and the impact of immune checkpoint inhibitors in the prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma patients: a systemic review and meta-analysis","volume":"114","author":"Tian","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1352873","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1352873","article-title":"Neoadjuvant immune checkpoint inhibitors in hepatocellular carcinoma: a meta-analysis and systematic review","volume":"15","author":"Tian","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100304","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2021.100304","article-title":"Using cell-free DNA for HCC surveillance and prognosis","volume":"3","author":"Tran","year":"2021","journal-title":"JHEP Rep."},{"key":"B124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1481","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2011-301862","article-title":"Prospective validation of an immunohistochemical panel (glypican 3, heat shock protein 70 and glutamine synthetase) in liver biopsies for diagnosis of very early hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"61","author":"Tremosini","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"B125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-025-02280-1","article-title":"Immune evasion in cancer: mechanisms and cutting-edge therapeutic approaches","volume":"10","author":"Tufail","year":"2025","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target Ther."},{"key":"B126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1706","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2018.01.064","article-title":"Surveillance imaging and alpha fetoprotein for early detection of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with cirrhosis: a meta-analysis","volume":"154","author":"Tzartzeva","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"B127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2025.03.019","article-title":"Circulating tumor DNA clearance as a predictive biomarker of pathologic complete response in patients with solid tumors treated with neoadjuvant immune checkpoint inhibitors: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"36","author":"Valenza","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ann. Oncol."},{"key":"B128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2025.04.017","article-title":"Machine learning based radiomic models outperform clinical biomarkers in predicting outcomes after immunotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"83","author":"Vithayathil","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"B129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.21037\/tcr.2019.11.20","article-title":"Diagnostic value of glypican-3, arginase-1 and hepatocyte paraffin antigen -1 in differentiating hepatocellular carcinoma from intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transl. Cancer Res."},{"key":"B130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4163","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.71873","article-title":"Spatial maps of hepatocellular carcinoma transcriptomes reveal spatial expression patterns in tumor immune microenvironment","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"B131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5803","DOI":"10.21037\/qims-22-840","article-title":"Development of a novel tumor microenvironment-related radiogenomics model for prognosis prediction in hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Quant. Imaging Med. Surg."},{"key":"B132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.21037\/hbsn-22-527","article-title":"Pathologic assessment of hepatocellular carcinoma in the era of immunotherapy: a narrative review","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Hepatobiliary Surg. Nutr."},{"key":"B133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1792","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2025.09.006","article-title":"Cell-free DNA fragmentomics in cancer","volume":"43","author":"Wha","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"B134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1651","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10071651","article-title":"Prospects and challenges for T cell-based therapies of HCC","volume":"10","author":"Woller","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"B135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"865596","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.865596","article-title":"CD20+CD22+ADAM28+ B cells in tertiary lymphoid structures promote immunotherapy response","volume":"13","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"B136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1007\/s43657-023-00136-8","article-title":"A noninvasive approach to evaluate tumor immune microenvironment and predict outcomes in hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"3","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Phenomics"},{"key":"B137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1159\/000528034","article-title":"Tumor radiomic features on pretreatment MRI to predict response to lenvatinib plus an anti-PD-1 antibody in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: a multicenter study","volume":"12","author":"Xu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Liver Cancer"},{"key":"B138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-025-13978-4","article-title":"Predicting treatment response and prognosis of immune checkpoint inhibitors-based combination therapy in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma using a longitudinal CT-based radiomics model: a multicenter study","volume":"25","author":"Xu","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Cancer"},{"key":"B139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5965","DOI":"10.3390\/cimb46060356","article-title":"MASLD-related HCC: a comprehensive review of the trends, pathophysiology, tumor microenvironment, surveillance, and treatment options","volume":"46","author":"Y","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr. Issues Molecular Biology"},{"key":"B140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.2147\/JHC.S499597","article-title":"Prediction of pathologic response in unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma after downstaging with locoregional and systemic combination therapy","volume":"12","author":"Yang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Hepatocell. Carcinoma"},{"key":"B141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2024.03.014","article-title":"Phenotypes and ontogeny of senescent hepatic stellate cells in metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis","volume":"81","author":"Yashaswini","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"B142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1038\/s41698-024-00752-1","article-title":"Single cell-spatial transcriptomics and bulk multi-omics analysis of heterogeneity and ecosystems in hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"8","author":"Ye","year":"2024","journal-title":"NPJ Precis. Oncol."},{"key":"B143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-018-0864-3","article-title":"Biomarkers for predicting efficacy of PD-1\/PD-L1 inhibitors","volume":"17","author":"Yi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer"},{"key":"B144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1456","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2022.3707","article-title":"Association of PD-L1 expression and other variables with benefit from immune checkpoint inhibition in advanced gastroesophageal cancer: systematic review and meta-analysis of 17 phase 3 randomized clinical trials","volume":"8","author":"Yoon","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Oncol."},{"key":"B145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"613946","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.613946","article-title":"Development and validation of a contrast-enhanced CT-based radiomics nomogram for prediction of therapeutic efficacy of anti-PD-1 antibodies in advanced HCC patients","volume":"11","author":"Yuan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"B146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1300","DOI":"10.1007\/s12072-023-10556-3","article-title":"Hepatitis B virus-related intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma originates from hepatocytes","volume":"17","author":"Z","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hepatol. International"},{"key":"B147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1186\/s40779-024-00580-1","article-title":"Radiomics and radiogenomics: extracting more information from medical images for the diagnosis and prognostic prediction of ovarian cancer","volume":"11","author":"Zeng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mil. Med. Res."},{"key":"B148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17562848251387501","DOI":"10.1177\/17562848251387501","article-title":"Dynamic changes in serum alpha-fetoprotein predict prognosis in hepatocellular carcinoma treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"18","author":"Zeng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"B149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1158\/2326-6066.CIR-25-0758","article-title":"Intratumoral tertiary lymphoid structures characterized by a B cell-related signature elicit antitumor effect through HAPLN3 in hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"14","author":"Zeng","year":"2026","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol. Res."},{"key":"B150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2209852119","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2209852119","article-title":"Epigenetic analysis of cell-free DNA by fragmentomic profiling","volume":"119","author":"Zhou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"B151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70687","DOI":"10.1002\/ctm2.70687","article-title":"A multi-centre, prospective trial of a methylation-based liquid biopsy for early detection of liver cancer in high-risk populations","volume":"16","author":"Zhang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Clin. Transl. Med."},{"key":"B152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2019.10.003","article-title":"Landscape and dynamics of single immune cells in hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"179","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.32308","article-title":"Ultrasensitive and affordable assay for early detection of primary liver cancer using plasma cell-free DNA fragmentomics","volume":"76","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"B154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1186\/s13073-023-01218-y","article-title":"Spatial transcriptomics analysis of neoadjuvant cabozantinib and nivolumab in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma identifies independent mechanisms of resistance and recurrence","volume":"15","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Genome Med."},{"key":"B155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.21037\/hbsn-24-175","article-title":"Neoadjuvant systemic therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma: challenges and opportunities-a narrative review","volume":"14","author":"Zhang","year":"","journal-title":"Hepatobiliary Surg. Nutr."},{"key":"B156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1137","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2024-333944","article-title":"E-twenty-six-specific sequence variant 5 (ETV5) facilitates hepatocellular carcinoma progression and metastasis through enhancing polymorphonuclear myeloid-derived suppressor cell (PMN-MDSC)-mediated immunosuppression","volume":"74","author":"Zhang","year":"","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"B157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9564","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-10809-1","article-title":"The association between systemic inflammation markers and breast cancer","volume":"16","author":"Zhang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7559","DOI":"10.1097\/JS9.0000000000002996","article-title":"Extensive study on the associations of 12 composite inflammatory indices with colorectal cancer risk and mortality: a cross-sectional analysis of NHANES 2001-2020","volume":"111","author":"Zhou","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Surg."},{"key":"B159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3537","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-21-3275","article-title":"Alpha-fetoprotein as a potential surrogate biomarker for atezolizumab + bevacizumab treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"28","author":"Zhu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"B160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1468440","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1468440","article-title":"Evaluation of the effectiveness and safety of combining PD-1\/PD-L1 inhibitors with anti-angiogenic agents in unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"15","author":"Zhu","year":"","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"B161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102763","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctrv.2024.102763","article-title":"Methylated circulating tumor DNA in hepatocellular carcinoma: a comprehensive analysis of biomarker potential and clinical implications","volume":"128","author":"Zhu","year":"","journal-title":"Cancer Treat. Rev."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Genetics"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fgene.2026.1951687\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T07:27:34Z","timestamp":1791185254000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fgene.2026.1951687\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]]},"references-count":161,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fgene.2026.1951687"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fgene.2026.1951687","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-8021"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-8021","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]]},"article-number":"1951687"}}