{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T07:53:42Z","timestamp":1770969222189,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,28]],"date-time":"2021-05-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622160000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Glob. Womens Health"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic has been a social \u201cun-equalizer,\u201d besides being a global health threat. Gender inequality has been globally prominent during the outbreak and the consequent lockdown. Although domestic abuse and intimate partner violence have increased due to chronic entrapment, overcrowding in families, enhanced substance use, distorted relationship dynamics, travel restrictions, and reduced healthcare access, coercive sexual practices have also been on the rise. In low- and middle-income countries, the lack of awareness, societal pressure, administrative apathy, fear of legal hassles, and inadequate knowledge\u2013attitude\u2013practice related to help-seeking lead to underreporting and mismanagement of domestic abuse, which can perpetuate its vicious cycle during the ongoing crisis. India, with its socio-culturally diverse population, has been one of the nations worst hit by the pandemic. With the rise in reports of gender-based violence on the premise of preexisting gender inequality and minority stress, concerns behind \u201cclosed doors\u201d are as threatening as the infection itself. With this background, the authors highlight the backdrop of domestic violence as a \u201chidden pandemic\u201d during the coronavirus disease 2019 crisis, drawing on perspectives from India and briefly reviewing the data from other nations. The role of mental health education and digital literacy as mitigating strategies is subsequently discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fgwh.2021.614310","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,28]],"date-time":"2021-05-28T06:52:22Z","timestamp":1622184742000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["RETRACTED: \u201cCrisis Within the Walls\u201d: Rise of Intimate Partner Violence During the Pandemic, Indian Perspectives"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"Vasundharaa S.","family":"Nair","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Debanjan","family":"Banerjee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","unstructured":"African Studies Center \u2013 University of Pennsylvania1963"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s12098-020-03263-6","article-title":"A review of coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19)","volume":"13","author":"Singhal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Indian J Pediatr."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1168","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30823-0","article-title":"The gendered dimensions of COVID-19","volume":"395","author":"Lancet","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1331","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)08336-8","article-title":"Health consequences of intimate partner violence","volume":"359","author":"Campbell","year":"2002","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2018.04.049","article-title":"Lifetime economic burden of intimate partner violence among US adults","volume":"55","author":"Peterson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S199","DOI":"10.1037\/tra0000866","article-title":"Home is not always a haven: the domestic violence crisis amid the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"12","author":"Kofman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychol Trauma Theory Res Pract Policy."},{"key":"B7","unstructured":"Joint Leader's Statement - Violence Against Children: A Hidden Crisis of the COVID-19 Pandemic"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100089","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsir.2020.100089","article-title":"An increasing risk of family violence during the Covid-19 pandemic: Strengthening community collaborations to save lives","volume":"12","author":"Campbell","year":"2020","journal-title":"Foren Sci Int Rep."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1097\/DMP.0b013e3181979c32","article-title":"Increased gender-based violence among women internally displaced in Mississippi 2 years post\u2013Hurricane Katrina","volume":"3","author":"Anastario","year":"2009","journal-title":"Disaster Med Public Health Prep."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"902","DOI":"10.1177\/1077801210377649","article-title":"Violence against women and natural disasters: findings from post-tsunami Sri Lanka","volume":"16","author":"Fisher","year":"2010","journal-title":"Violence Against Women."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2333","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260517696876","article-title":"Investigating the increase in domestic violence post disaster: an Australian case study","volume":"34","author":"Parkinson","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Interpers Violence."},{"key":"B12","first-page":"115","article-title":"Domestic violence after disaster","volume-title":"The Gendered Terrain of Disaster.","author":"Wilson","year":"1998"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1111\/1468-2346.12704","article-title":"A gendered human rights analysis of Ebola and Zika: locating gender in global health emergencies","volume":"92","author":"Davies","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int Affairs."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2047","DOI":"10.1111\/jocn.15296","article-title":"The pandemic paradox: the consequences of COVID-19 on domestic violence","volume":"29","author":"Bradbury-Jones","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Nurs."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1111\/inm.12735","article-title":"Family violence and COVID-19: Increased vulnerability and reduced options for support","volume":"29","author":"Usher","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Ment Health Nurs."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1510","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.279.19.1510-JMN0520-2-1","article-title":"Domestic violence recognized as world problem","volume":"279","author":"Marwick","year":"1998","journal-title":"JAMA."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1177\/1077801203256019","article-title":"Chattels of society: domestic violence in India","volume":"10","author":"Ahmed-Ghosh","year":"2004","journal-title":"Violence Against Women."},{"key":"B18","unstructured":"Urbanization, human development and literacy and syndemics of obesity, hypertension and hyperglycemia in Rajasthan: National Family Health Survey-4206\n            GuptaR\n            GaurK\n            MohanI\n            KhedarRS\n          31315319J Assoc Physicians India.662018"},{"key":"B19","unstructured":"Covid-19 lockdown: Domestic violence cases reported to NCW nearly double in last 25 days. Scroll.in"},{"key":"B20","unstructured":"Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on violence against women and girls\n            FraserE\n          UK Aid2020"},{"key":"B21","unstructured":"TolanC\n          CNNSome Cities See Jumps in Domestic Violence During the Pandemic2020"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2020.104241","article-title":"Sheltering in place and domestic violence: Evidence from calls for service during COVID-19","volume":"189","author":"Leslie","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Public Econ."},{"key":"B23","unstructured":"TaubA\n          The New York TimesA New COVID-19 Crisis: Domestic Abuse Rises Worldwide2020"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2753","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2020.04.077","article-title":"Alarming trends in US domestic violence during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"38","author":"Boserup","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Emerg Med."},{"key":"B25","unstructured":"WomenUN\n          Issue Brief: COVID-19 and Ending Violence Against Women and Girls2020"},{"key":"B26","first-page":"38","article-title":"The prevalence of domestic violence among women during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"12","author":"Boxall","year":"2020","journal-title":"Australasian Policing."},{"key":"B27","unstructured":"SushmithaRamakrishnan\n          The New Indian ExpressDomestic Violence: When Home is not the Safest Place During Lock Down"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.4103\/ijsp.ijsp_264_20","article-title":"Domestic violence during the COVID-19 pandemic: Lessons to be learned","volume":"36","author":"Krishnan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Indian J Soc Psychiatry."},{"key":"B29","volume-title":"COVID-19, Domestic Abuse and Violence: Where Do Indian Women Stand?","author":"EPW","year":"2020"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"taaa031","DOI":"10.1093\/jtm\/taaa031","article-title":"The pandemic of social media panic travels faster than the COVID-19 outbreak","volume":"27","author":"Depoux","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Travel Med."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30526-2","article-title":"COVID-19: the gendered impacts of the outbreak","volume":"395","author":"Wenham","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.4103\/psychiatry.IndianJPsychiatry_484_20","article-title":"Sexuality, sexual well being, and intimacy during COVID-19 pandemic: an advocacy perspective","volume":"62","author":"Banerjee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Indian J Psychiatry."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0011000010378402","article-title":"Sexual objectification of women: advances to theory and research","author":"Dawn","year":"2011","journal-title":"Counsell Psychol."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-010-9735-7","article-title":"The effects of husband's alcohol consumption on married women in three low-income areas of greater Mumbai","volume":"14","author":"Berg","year":"2010","journal-title":"AIDS Behav"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.4103\/0970-0218.99912","article-title":"The risk factor of domestic violence in India","volume":"37","author":"Mahapatro","year":"2012","journal-title":"Indian J Community Med."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e309","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(20)30112-2","article-title":"COVID-19: a public health approach to manage domestic violence is needed","volume":"5","author":"Chandan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Public Health."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11417-020-09340-1","article-title":"Understanding domestic violence in india during CoViD-19: a routine activity approach","author":"Krishnakumar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Asian J Criminol."},{"key":"B38","unstructured":"KrishnamurthyS\n            MeenaKS\n            KapaneeAR\n          Laying the foundation for a robust Public Mental Health with Mental Health Education"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.10.085217","article-title":"Violence against women: an urgent public health priority","volume":"89","author":"Garcia-Moreno","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ."}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.3389\/fgwh.2022.1124828","type":"retraction","label":"Retraction","source":"retraction-watch","updated":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,9]],"date-time":"2023-01-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1673222400000},"record-id":"42247"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Global Women's Health"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fgwh.2021.614310\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,2]],"date-time":"2024-04-02T15:11:00Z","timestamp":1712070660000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fgwh.2021.614310\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,28]]},"references-count":39,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fgwh.2021.614310"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fgwh.2021.614310","relation":{},"ISSN":["2673-5059"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2673-5059","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,28]]},"article-number":"614310"}}