{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T11:14:26Z","timestamp":1782213266502,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,19]],"date-time":"2022-04-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1650326400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000193","name":"International Development Research Centre","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000193","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Glob. Womens Health"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Approximately 752 million of the world's poor keep livestock to produce food, generate income, and build assets. Women represent two-thirds (~400 million people) of low-income livestock keepers. Infectious diseases are a major issue in preventing livestock keepers from optimizing production earnings and improving food security. In Rwanda, highly contagious yet preventable diseases that affect animals that women manage, such as Rift Valley fever in goats and Newcastle disease in chickens have a high-mortality rate and can devastate their herds. Women are disproportionately affected because they bear primary responsibility for goats and chickens. These diseases are preventable through vaccination, but smallholder women farmers rarely benefit from livestock vaccines. Social norms and entrenched cultural stereotypes limit women's confidence and decision-making and restrict their access to resources and information. Women smallholder farmers find that there is little support for the small livestock they manage, because of the official preference given to cattle. They are also challenged by limited availability of livestock vaccines due to lack of a cold chain, inadequate extension, and veterinary services, especially for goats and chickens, and unreliable structures for vaccine delivery. To identify opportunities for women's engagement in the livestock vaccine value chain (LVVC) and reduce their barriers to accessing and using livestock vaccines, we used Outcome Mapping, a stakeholder engagement tool, and the Gender Equality Continuum Tool to classify and engage critical partners in the LVVC. We analyzed each critical partner's capacities, incentives, and drivers for engagement with women, challenges and barriers that hinder their support for women farmers, opportunities at systemic and programmatic levels for women's participation and benefit in the LVVC, and the gender capacities and perceptions of different stakeholders. Enhanced positioning and visibility of women in the LVVC can occur through a systemic engagement of all stakeholders, and recognition of the roles that women play. Women smallholder farmer involvement when determining and shaping the potential entry-points is critical to ensure support for their existing responsibilities in family food security, and future opportunities for generating income. Strengthening gender capacities of LVVC stakeholders, addressing identified barriers, and building on existing opportunities can increase women's participation in the LVVC.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fgwh.2022.732292","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,19]],"date-time":"2022-04-19T10:05:18Z","timestamp":1650362718000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Using Outcome Mapping to Mobilize Critical Stakeholders for a Gender Responsive Rift Valley Fever and Newcastle Disease Vaccine Value Chain in Rwanda"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Tess","family":"Gannaway","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Denis","family":"Majyambere","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary","family":"Kabarungi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liberata","family":"Mukamana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fid\u00e8le","family":"Niyitanga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janna","family":"Schurer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beth","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hellen","family":"Amuguni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","first-page":"161","author":"Otte","year":"2012","journal-title":"Livestock Sector Development for Poverty Reduction: An Economic and Policy Perspective \u2013 Livestock's Many Virtues"},{"key":"B2","unstructured":"2013"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"978","DOI":"10.1002\/jid.1598","article-title":"Understanding poverty dynamics in Kenya","volume":"22","author":"Kristjanson","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Int Dev."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/0921-4488(94)00031-2","article-title":"Women's tasks in the management of goats in Southern Nigeria","volume":"15","author":"Ajala","year":"1995","journal-title":"Small Rumin Res."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.19182\/remvt.9918","article-title":"The mini dairy farm as a model for the organization of the dairy subsector in West Africa: strong points and limitation","volume":"58","author":"Corniaux","year":"2005","journal-title":"Revue devue poi et de mevue po vevue point des pays tropicaux."},{"key":"B6","volume-title":"Invisible Guardians - Women Manage Livestock Diversity","author":"K\u00f6hler-Rollefson","year":"2012"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.2989\/10220119.2015.1029973","article-title":"Women, livestock ownership and markets: bridging the gender gap in Eastern and Southern Africa","volume":"32","author":"Salomon","year":"2015","journal-title":"Afr J Range Forage Sci."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1007\/s11205-018-1934-z","article-title":"The women's empowerment in livestock index","volume":"142","author":"Gali\u00e8","year":"2019","journal-title":"Soc Indic Res."},{"key":"B9","first-page":"160","volume-title":"The State of Food and Agriculture: Closing the Gender Gap for Development 2010-2011","year":"2011"},{"key":"B10","unstructured":"The Female Face of Farming"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.1601410","article-title":"Livestock vaccinations translate into increased human capital and school attendance by girls","volume":"2","author":"Marsh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci Adv."},{"key":"B12","unstructured":"Gender and Youth Mainstreaming Strategy2019"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0006989","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006989","article-title":"Strategies to increase adoption of animal vaccines by smallholder farmers with focus on neglected diseases and marginalized populations","volume":"13","author":"Donadeu","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis."},{"key":"B14","unstructured":"Guidelines for Rift Valley Fever2018"},{"key":"B15","unstructured":"The Global Gender Gap Report2018"},{"key":"B16","unstructured":"2019"},{"key":"B17","article-title":"Livestock Thematic Papers Rome: IFAD","author":"Rota","year":"2010","journal-title":"Value Chains, Linking Producers to the Markets"},{"key":"B18","unstructured":"IDRC\n            ChiumbuS\n            MaziyaM\n            GumedeNA\n          An Assessment of the Policy Framework Value Chain Analysis for Livestock Vaccines in South Africa2018"},{"key":"B19","volume-title":"Outcome Mapping; A Realistic Alternative for Planning Monitoring and Evaluation","author":"Jones","year":"2009"},{"key":"B20","volume-title":"Outcome Mapping: A Method for Tracking Behavioral Changes in Development Programs","author":"Smutylo","year":"2005"},{"key":"B21","volume-title":"20 Years of Outcome Mapping Evolving Practices for Transformative Change","year":"2021"},{"key":"B22","unstructured":"Gender Integration Continuum2002"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.20506\/rst.35.3.2564","article-title":"Livestock vaccination in india: an analysis of theory and practice among multiple stakeholders","volume":"35","author":"Rathod","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rev Sci Tech Off Int Epiz."},{"key":"B24","first-page":"39","volume-title":"Global Value Chain Analysis: A Primer","author":"Gereffi","year":"2011"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1177\/0971852415596863","article-title":"Amplifying outcomes by addressing inequality: the role of gender-transformative approaches in agricultural research for development","volume":"19","author":"Kantor","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gend Technol Dev."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Global Women's Health"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fgwh.2022.732292\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,19]],"date-time":"2022-04-19T10:05:30Z","timestamp":1650362730000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fgwh.2022.732292\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,19]]},"references-count":25,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fgwh.2022.732292"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fgwh.2022.732292","relation":{},"ISSN":["2673-5059"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2673-5059","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,19]]},"article-number":"732292"}}