{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T10:06:21Z","timestamp":1790330781773,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,7]],"date-time":"2024-05-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1715040000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Glob. Womens Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Gender-based violence (GBV) is a pervasive global public health concern and a violation of human rights, particularly pronounced in conflict settings where it is often used as a tool of warfare to instill fear and control populations.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>Assessment of Magnitude, Associated Factors, and Health Consequences of GBV among women living in war-affected woredas of North Shewa zone, Ethiopia, 2022<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted, involving 845 randomly selected women living in conflict zones. Data on GBV experiences over the previous 3 months were collected through interviewer-administered questionnaires developed from literature review. The collected data underwent validation, entry into EPI data, and analysis using SPSS. Findings are summarized using descriptive statistics, AOR and 95% confidence interval.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Result<\/jats:title><jats:p>The magnitude of GBV in this study was (490, 58.0%) where, (466, 55.0%) psychological violence, (254, 30.1%) physical violence, and (135, 16.0%) reported sexual violence. A majority of the physical violence, (161, 63.4%), occurred during conflict period, with (143, 56.3%) of these cases involving armed forces, and (161, 63.4%) women experiencing physical violence in their homes. Urban Residence AOR\u2009=\u20092.65, CI, (1.82\u20133.89), Educational status of Secondary education AOR\u2009=\u20090.33, CI, (0.19\u20130.57, and \u2265College AOR\u2009=\u20090.17, CI, (0.09\u20130.35), Occupation of Housewife AOR\u2009=\u20091.88, CI, (1.20\u20132.94), Private employee AOR\u2009=\u20096.95, CI, (3.70\u201313.04), Gov't employee AOR\u2009=\u20095.80, CI, (2.92\u201311.50), and others (Students) AOR\u2009=\u20093.46, CI, (1.98\u20136.01), Ever had sexual intercourse AOR\u2009=\u20090.46, CI, (0.25\u20130.83), Have heard about SRH AOR\u2009=\u20090.59, CI, (0.40\u20130.89), Have had previous GBV exposure AOR\u2009=\u20090.24, CI, (0.15\u20130.38), having a previous history of sexual violence AOR\u2009=\u20090.30, CI, (0.16\u20130.57), and Number of sexual partner AOR\u2009=\u20091.84, CI, (1.13\u20132.99) were identified to be associated factors of GBV in our study area. The most commonly reported consequences of GBV were Anxiety, depression, physical injuries, self-blame, women had school dropout, and abortion.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The study reveals a higher prevalence of GBV, resulting in profound physical, social, mental, and reproductive health challenges for survivors. To address this, multi-sectoral cooperation is advised to enhance women's empowerment, access to information, and psycho-social support in affected areas. Furthermore, national policymakers are urged to implement preventive measures during conflict and establish legal mechanisms to ensure accountability for perpetrators.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fgwh.2024.1335254","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,7]],"date-time":"2024-05-07T04:35:44Z","timestamp":1715056544000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["The magnitude of gender-based violence, health consequences, and associated factors among women living in post-war woredas of North Shewa zone, Amhara, Ethiopia, 2022"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Eyosiyas Yeshialem","family":"Asefa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Assalif Beyene","family":"Haile","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Osman Yimer","family":"Mohamed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dagimawit","family":"Berhanu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1163\/9789004479890_029","article-title":"Declaration on the elimination of violence against women: by general assembly resolution 48\/104 of 20 December 1993","volume-title":"Human Rights and Disabled Persons","author":"Degener","year":"1995"},{"key":"B2","year":""},{"key":"B3","volume-title":"Sexual and Gender-Based Violence Against Refugees, Returnees, and Internally Displaced Persons","year":"2003"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/currents.dis.835f10778fd80ae031aac12d3b533ca7","article-title":"The prevalence of sexual violence among female refugees in complex humanitarian emergencies: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"6","author":"Vu","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Curr"},{"key":"B5","volume-title":"Wartime Sexual Violence: Misconceptions, Implications, and Ways Forward","author":"Cohen","year":"2013"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"s13","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)11802-2","article-title":"Gender-based violence in refugee settings","volume":"360","author":"Ward","year":"2002","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B7","author":"Organization","year":""},{"key":"B8","volume-title":"Researching Violence Against Women: A Practical Guide for Researchers and Activists","author":"Ellsberg","year":"2005"},{"key":"B9","year":""},{"key":"B10","year":""},{"key":"B11","volume-title":"Understanding Ethiopia\u2019s Tigray War","author":"Plaut","year":"2023"},{"key":"B12","first-page":"37","article-title":"Root causes and the socio-economic impact of the ongoing war between the TPLF and the federal government of Ethiopia (2 November 2020\u201315 October 2021)","volume":"15","author":"Abdulkadr","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hungarian J Afr Stud"},{"key":"B13","first-page":"152","volume-title":"The Politics of Conflict in Northern Ethiopia, 2020\u20132021: a Study of War-Making, Media Bias and Policy Struggle","author":"Abbink","year":"2021"},{"key":"B14","first-page":"133","article-title":"Domestic violence around gondar in northwest Ethiopia","volume":"18","author":"Yigzaw","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ethiop J Health Dev"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6874-14-25","article-title":"Assessment of reproductive health and violence against women among displaced Syrians in Lebanon","volume":"14","author":"Reese Masterson","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Women\u2019s Health"},{"key":"B16","author":"Omanyondo","year":""},{"key":"B17","first-page":"110","article-title":"Gender based violence and its effects on women\u2019s reproductive health: the case of Hatcliffe, Harare, Zimbabwe","volume":"18","author":"Mukanangana","year":"2014","journal-title":"Afr J Reprod Health"},{"key":"B18","author":"Cluster","year":""},{"key":"B19","year":""},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1177\/0956247813477359","article-title":"Urbanization and gender-based violence: exploring the paradoxes in the global South","volume":"25","author":"McIlwaine","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ Urban"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1007\/s10896-020-00207-8","article-title":"Gender differences among domestic violence help-seekers: socio-demographic characteristics, types and duration of violence, perpetrators, and interventions","volume":"36","author":"Peraica","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Fam Violence"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1257\/app.20160278","article-title":"For better or for worse? 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