{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T12:59:29Z","timestamp":1781873969221,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,23]],"date-time":"2024-08-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724371200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Glob. Womens Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, intimate partner violence increased globally, but most notably in Africa. Conditions such as movement restrictions, staying home, and school closures increased the risk of domestic violence against women. Intimate partner violence is violence demonstrated by an intimate partner against women including physical, sexual, and psychological violence. Despite existing laws against intimate partner violence in Ethiopia, enforcement by law and the judicial system remains inadequate. Thus, this research aims to identify factors contributing to intimate partner violence among women during the COVID-19 pandemic, drawing insights from the current literature.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Method<\/jats:title><jats:p>We searched electronic databases, including PubMed, Google Scholar, CINAHL, Cochrane, and others. Two reviewers separately carried out the search, study selection, critical appraisal, and data extraction. A third party was involved in resolving disagreements among the reviewers. All 10 studies included in this study were published in English, with publication dates before 25 February 2024. Articles lacking an abstract and\/or full-text, studies that did not identify the intended outcome, and qualitative studies were excluded from the analysis. A Microsoft Excel checklist was used to extract the data, which were then exported to STATA 11. <jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>, funnel plots, and Egger's test were employed to measure heterogeneity and detect publication bias, respectively. A random-effects model was used to estimate the pooled prevalence of intimate partner violence and associated factors among women during the COVID-19 pandemic.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Result<\/jats:title><jats:p>The meta-analysis includes a sample size of 6,280 women from 10 articles. The pooled prevalence of intimate partner violence and associated factors among women during the COVID-19 pandemic was found to be 31.60% (95% CI: 21.10\u201342.11) and significant factors were partner alcohol use with a pooled odds ratio of 1.93 (95% CI: 1.60\u20132.23), income loss during the COVID-19 pandemic with a pooled odds ratio of 9.86 (95% CI: 6.35\u201315.70), partner\u2019s literacy level\/education status with a pooled odds ratio of 2.03 (95% CI: 1.57\u20132.63), and decision-making in the household with a pooled odds ratio of 1.82 (95% CI: 1.33\u20132.50).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>This systematic review and meta-analysis found preliminary evidence that intimate partner violence increased during the COVID-19 pandemic. A partner who has a history of alcohol use, women who had lost income during COVID-19, a partner who has no formal education, and household decisions made by the husband alone were statistically significant factors for intimate partner violence during the COVID-19 pandemic. This implies that the health sector must play a significant role in providing women who are victims of violence with comprehensive healthcare, advocating that violence against women should be viewed as unacceptable, and improving literacy to minimize the consequences of intimate partner violence among women.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fgwh.2024.1425176","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,23]],"date-time":"2024-08-23T04:57:22Z","timestamp":1724389042000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Intimate partner violence and associated factors among women during the COVID-19 pandemic in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Tewodros Getaneh","family":"Alemu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tadesse Tarik","family":"Tamir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Belayneh Shetie","family":"Workneh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Enyew Getaneh","family":"Mekonen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammed Seid","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alebachew Ferede","family":"Zegeye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mulugeta","family":"Wassie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alemneh Tadesse","family":"Kassie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Berhan","family":"Tekeba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Almaz Tefera","family":"Gonete","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masresha Asmare","family":"Techane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-020-01401-y","article-title":"2019 novel coronavirus: where we are and what we know","volume":"48","author":"Cheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Infection"},{"key":"B2","volume-title":"WHO Director-General\u2019s Opening Remarks at the Media Briefing on COVID-19","year":"2020"},{"key":"B3","volume-title":"WHO Director-General\u2019s opening remarks at the media briefing on COVID-19\u201411 March 2020","year":"2020"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsps.2021.03.011","article-title":"Are countries\u2019 precautionary actions against COVID-19 effective? An assessment study of 175 countries worldwide","volume":"29","author":"Alshammari","year":"2021","journal-title":"Saudi Pharm J"},{"key":"B5","volume-title":"Responding to Intimate Partner Violence and Sexual Violence Against Women: WHO Clinical and Policy Guidelines","year":"2013"},{"key":"B6","volume-title":"Key Scientific Issues for Research on Violence Occurring Around the Time of Pregnancy","author":"Petersen","year":"1998"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1001\/archfami.1.1.39","article-title":"American Medical Association diagnostic and treatment guidelines on domestic violence","volume":"1","author":"Women","year":"1992","journal-title":"Arch Fam Med"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1891\/1946-6560.7.3.277","article-title":"Determinants of intimate partner violence in sub-Saharan Africa: a review of prevention and intervention programs","volume":"7","author":"McCloskey","year":"2016","journal-title":"Partner Abuse"},{"key":"B9","first-page":"2017","volume-title":"Violence Against Women: Key Facts","year":"2017"},{"key":"B10","volume-title":"Violence Against Women, Key Fact","year":"2021"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1891\/VV-D-21-00005","article-title":"Intimate partner violence victimization and perpetration among US adults during the earliest stage of the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"36","author":"Davis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Violence Victim"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S202","DOI":"10.1037\/tra0000688","article-title":"Staying safe during COVID-19: how a pandemic can escalate risk for intimate partner violence and what can be done to provide individuals with resources and support","volume":"12","author":"Jarnecke","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychol Trauma"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e85084","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0085084","article-title":"Intimate partner violence and pregnancy: a systematic review of interventions","volume":"9","author":"Van Parys","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(20)30109-7","article-title":"Mental health effects of school closures during COVID-19","volume":"4","author":"Lee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Child Adolesc Health"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.26633\/RPSP.2019.26","article-title":"Intimate partner violence in the Americas: a systematic review and reanalysis of national prevalence estimates","volume":"43","author":"Bott","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rev Panam Salud Publica"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1093\/pubmed\/fdq101","article-title":"The effect of intimate partner violence and other forms of violence against women on health","volume":"33","author":"Vives-Cases","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Public Health (Oxf)"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2012.04.025","article-title":"Intimate partner violence against adult women and its association with major depressive disorder, depressive symptoms and postpartum depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"75","author":"Beydoun","year":"2012","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101606","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijlp.2020.101606","article-title":"The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the precipitation of intimate partner violence","volume":"71","author":"Moreira","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Law Psychiatry"},{"key":"B19","volume-title":"Infection Prevention and Control Interim Protocol for COVID-19 in Health Care Settings in Ethiopia","year":"2020"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e55","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0000000000004088","article-title":"Domestic violence and safe storage of firearms in the COVID-19 era","volume":"272","author":"Duncan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"key":"B21","volume-title":"National Comprehensive Covid-19 Management Handbook","year":"2020"},{"key":"B22","first-page":"2030","volume-title":"Sustainable Development Goals. SDGs","year":"2015"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"NP8632","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260520976222","article-title":"Prevalence and associated factors of intimate partner violence among married women during COVID-19 pandemic restrictions: a community-based study","volume":"37","author":"Tadesse","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Interpers Violence"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17455065211068980","DOI":"10.1177\/17455065211068980","article-title":"Intimate partner violence and COVID-19 among reproductive age women: a community-based cross-sectional survey, Ethiopia","volume":"18","author":"Shewangzaw Engda","year":"2022","journal-title":"Womens Health (Lond)"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1002\/ijgo.13566","article-title":"Intimate partner violence among prenatal care attendees amidst the COVID-19 crisis: the incidence in Ethiopia","volume":"153","author":"Teshome","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Gynaecol Obstet"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20503121221116671","DOI":"10.1177\/20503121221116671","article-title":"Perinatal intimate partner violence during COVID-19 and its associated factors among postpartum mothers attending newborn immunization in southern Ethiopia, 2021: a cross-sectional study","volume":"10","author":"Belay","year":"2022","journal-title":"SAGE Open Med"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e31","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268822000140","article-title":"Violence against girls during COVID-19 pandemic and associated factors in Gondar city, north west Ethiopia","volume":"150","author":"Kassie","year":"2022","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12978-020-01002-w","article-title":"Intimate partner violence against reproductive age women during COVID-19 pandemic in northern Ethiopia 2020: a community-based cross-sectional study","volume":"17","author":"Gebrewahd","year":"2020","journal-title":"Reprod Health"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20503121221079317","DOI":"10.1177\/20503121221079317","article-title":"Prevalence and its predictors of intimate partner violence against pregnant women amid COVID-19 pandemic in southwest Ethiopia, 2021: a cross-sectional study","volume":"10","author":"Fetene","year":"2022","journal-title":"SAGE Open Med"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"977153","DOI":"10.3389\/fgwh.2022.977153","article-title":"Intimate partner violence against women of reproductive age and associated factors during COVID-19 pandemic in northern Ethiopia, 2021: a community-based cross-sectional study","volume":"3","author":"Demeke","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Glob Womens Health"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e055790","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-055790","article-title":"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on intimate partner violence during pregnancy: evidence from a multimethods study of recently pregnant women in Ethiopia","volume":"12","author":"Wood","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12978-021-01297-3","article-title":"Intimate partner violence and associated factors among reproductive age women during COVID-19 pandemic in southern Ethiopia, 2020","volume":"18","author":"Shitu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Reprod Health"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-151-4-200908180-00135","article-title":"Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement","volume":"151","author":"Moher","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"B34","volume-title":"WHO Multi-country Study on Women\u2019s Health and Domestic Violence Against Women","author":"Garc\u00eda-Moreno","year":"2005"},{"key":"B35","first-page":"217","volume-title":"Systematic Reviews of Etiology and Risk. Joanna Briggs Institute Reviewer\u2019s Manual","author":"Moola","year":"2017"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.315.7109.629","article-title":"Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test","volume":"315","author":"Egger","year":"1997","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.327.7414.557","article-title":"Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses","volume":"327","author":"Higgins","year":"2003","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1177\/0013164409344534","article-title":"Weighting by inverse variance or by sample size in random-effects meta-analysis","volume":"70","author":"Mar\u00edn-Mart\u00ednez","year":"2010","journal-title":"Educ Psychol Meas"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12905-023-02845-8","article-title":"Global prevalence of intimate partner violence during the COVID-19 pandemic among women: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"24","author":"Kifle","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Womens Health"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-024-17802-9","article-title":"Intimate partner violence during COVID-19: systematic review and meta-analysis according to methodological choices","volume":"24","author":"Costa","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1527","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1240937","article-title":"The global prevalence of intimate partner violence against women","volume":"340","author":"Devries","year":"2013","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B42","volume-title":"Global and Regional Estimates of Violence Against Women: Prevalence and Health Effects of Intimate Partner Violence and non-Partner Sexual Violence","author":"Garc\u00eda-Moreno","year":"2013"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0257193","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0257193","article-title":"Factors associated with violence against women following the COVID-19 lockdown in France: results from a prospective online survey","volume":"16","author":"Peraud","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12874-022-01634-5","article-title":"A framework to model global, regional, and national estimates of intimate partner violence","volume":"22","author":"Maheu-Giroux","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Med Res Methodol"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)02664-7","article-title":"Global, regional, and national prevalence estimates of physical or sexual, or both, intimate partner violence against women in 2018","volume":"399","author":"Sardinha","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2021.e06619","article-title":"Prevalence and associated factors of intimate partner violence (IPV) against women in Bangladesh amid COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"7","author":"Rayhan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.worlddev.2020.105217","article-title":"COVID-19 and the rise of intimate partner violence","volume":"137","author":"Ag\u00fcero","year":"2021","journal-title":"World Dev"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2022.306839","article-title":"The COVID-19 pandemic, socioeconomic effects, and intimate partner violence against women: a population-based cohort study in 2020, Iran","volume":"113","author":"Fereidooni","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1380","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(20)30366-1","article-title":"Immediate impact of stay-at-home orders to control COVID-19 transmission on socioeconomic conditions, food insecurity, mental health, and intimate partner violence in Bangladeshi women and their families: an interrupted time series","volume":"8","author":"Hamadani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e4041","DOI":"10.1111\/hsc.13797","article-title":"Violence against women and perceived health: an observational survey of patients treated in the multidisciplinary structure \u2018the women\u2019s house\u2019 and two family planning centres in the metropolitan Paris area","volume":"30","author":"Roland","year":"2022","journal-title":"Health Soc Care Community"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1111\/add.12393","article-title":"Intimate partner violence victimization and alcohol consumption in women: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"109","author":"Devries","year":"2014","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"601236","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.601236","article-title":"Prevalence of intimate partner violence among intimate partners during the perinatal period: a narrative literature review","volume":"12","author":"Mojahed","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"B53","first-page":"12","article-title":"Sexual violence against women in marital dyads, prevalence, correlates, and consequences: among the Ijesa of south-western Nigeria","volume":"5","author":"Ajala","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arch Bus Res"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1590\/S1518-8787.2017051006815","article-title":"Violence against women, Esp\u00edrito Santo, Brazil","volume":"51","author":"Leite","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rev Sa\u00fade P\u00fablica"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1590\/1980-549720190056","article-title":"Viol\u00eancia contra a mulher e sua associa\u00e7\u00e3o com o perfil do parceiro \u00edntimo: estudo com usu\u00e1rias da aten\u00e7\u00e3o prim\u00e1ria","volume":"22","author":"Leite","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rev Bras Epidemiol"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Global Women's Health"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fgwh.2024.1425176\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,23]],"date-time":"2024-08-23T04:57:33Z","timestamp":1724389053000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fgwh.2024.1425176\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,23]]},"references-count":55,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fgwh.2024.1425176"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fgwh.2024.1425176","relation":{},"ISSN":["2673-5059"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2673-5059","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,23]]},"article-number":"1425176"}}