{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,25]],"date-time":"2025-09-25T14:37:26Z","timestamp":1758811046601,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,31]],"date-time":"2025-01-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738281600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Glob. Womens Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Unplanned pregnancy is significantly associated with an increased risk of perinatal depression (antenatal and postnatal depression), emphasizing its prevalence and its potentially detrimental effects on both maternal and child health. This study aimed to investigate the association of contraception use and pregnancy intention with the risk of perinatal depression among Omani mothers.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A prospective longitudinal study design was employed to investigate perinatal depression risk in mothers attending antenatal health care services in Oman. Perinatal depression risk was assessed using the Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale during the third trimester and postpartum visits. Multiple linear regression analyses were utilized to explore relationships between the risk of perinatal depression and pregnancy-related factors, contraception use, and sociodemographic variables.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The study involved 300 participants with a mean age of 30.8 years (SD\u2009=\u20095.47). The majority of participants reported planned pregnancy (74.0%), no use of contraception (66.0%), and being multiparous (72.7%). A significantly higher proportion (87.8%) of women with planned pregnancies were primiparous (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.001). Besides family structure (core family, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.025) and monthly income (1,000 OMR or below, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.021), mothers who were pregnant for the first time (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.001), and those who were primiparous (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.001) did not use contraception. The regression models showed a significant association between the antenatal and postnatal depression scores (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.001, 95% CI 0.401\u20130.603) according to the Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The findings suggest that women with unplanned pregnancies warrant attention for early detection and preventive interventions, irrespective of their emotional stance. Incorporating routine mental health screening into perinatal care can facilitate early detection, and targeted interventions, contributing to improved maternal mental well-being.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fgwh.2025.1497698","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,31]],"date-time":"2025-01-31T06:40:28Z","timestamp":1738305628000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Association of contraception use and pregnancy intention with perinatal depression risk among Omani mothers\u2014a longitudinal cohort study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Atika","family":"Khalaf","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nawal","family":"Al Amri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pernilla","family":"Ny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rebecca","family":"Mathew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,31]]},"reference":[{"volume-title":"Nearly Half of all Pregnancies are Unintended\u2014a Global Crisis, Says new UNFPA Report","year":"2022","key":"B1"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1007\/s13224-018-1125-5","article-title":"Impact of unintended pregnancy on maternal and neonatal outcomes","volume":"69","author":"Omani-Samani","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Obstet Gynecol India"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.5958\/2456-7523.2023.00007.1","article-title":"Postpartum Depression among Women and its Impact on Child Growth","author":"Tyagi","year":"2023"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0260691","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0260691","article-title":"Magnitude and associated factors of antenatal depression among mothers attending antenatal care in Arba Minch town, Ethiopia, 2018","volume":"16","author":"Beketie","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101932","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2020.101932","article-title":"Prevalence and associated factors of antenatal depression: systematic reviews and meta-analyses","volume":"83","author":"Yin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Rev"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2020.110259","article-title":"Unintended pregnancy and postpartum depression: a meta-analysis of cohort and case-control studies","volume":"138","author":"Qiu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Psychosom Res"},{"year":"2023","key":"B7","article-title":"Reproductive Health - Unintended Pregnancy"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1007\/s00737-022-01225-9","article-title":"The association of unplanned pregnancy with perinatal depression: a longitudinal cohort study","volume":"25","author":"Muskens","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arch Womens Ment Health"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1714","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2022.19097","article-title":"Associations of unintended pregnancy with maternal and infant health outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"328","author":"Nelson","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"year":"2019","key":"B10","article-title":"Addressing Unintended Pregnancy in the Arab Region: Policy Brief 2019"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1002\/ijgo.15127","article-title":"Family planning saves maternal and newborn lives: why universal access to contraception must be prioritized in national maternal and newborn health policies, financing, and programs","volume":"164","author":"Askew","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Gynaecol Obstet Off Organ Int Fed Gynaecol Obstet"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-020-2848-8","article-title":"Unintended pregnancy and maternal health complications: cross-sectional analysis of data from rural Uttar Pradesh, India","volume":"20","author":"Dehingia","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"},{"key":"B13","first-page":"12","article-title":"Unintended pregnancy and its adverse social and economic consequences on health system: a narrative review article","volume":"44","author":"Yazdkhasti","year":"2015","journal-title":"Iran J Public Health"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1111\/sifp.12209","article-title":"Barriers and enablers influencing women\u2019s adoption and continuation of vaginally inserted contraceptive methods: a literature review","volume":"53","author":"Harris","year":"2022","journal-title":"Stud Fam Plann"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100495","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2019.100495","article-title":"Association between unintended births and risk of postpartum depression: evidence from Ethiopia, India, Peru and Vietnam","volume":"9","author":"Upadhyay","year":"2019","journal-title":"SSM-Popul Health"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.04.046","article-title":"Prevalence and predictors of postpartum depression in upper Egypt: a multicenter primary health care study","volume":"290","author":"Ahmed","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12978-020-01035-1","article-title":"The epidemiology of postnatal depression in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"17","author":"Duko","year":"2020","journal-title":"Reprod Health"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2019.00295","article-title":"A comprehensive analysis of post-partum depression risk factors: the role of socio-demographic, individual, relational, and delivery characteristics","volume":"7","author":"Smorti","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6789","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18136789","article-title":"Prevalence of depression during pregnancy in Spanish women: trajectory and risk factors in each trimester","volume":"18","author":"M\u00edguez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"first-page":"660","volume-title":"Annual Health Report 2019","year":"2019","key":"B20"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.18295\/squmj.2020.20.02.008","article-title":"The effect of antepartum depression on the outcomes of pregnancy and development of postpartum depression: a prospective cohort study of Omani women","volume":"20","author":"Al Rawahi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sultan Qaboos Univ Med J"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e35","DOI":"10.18295\/squmj.2016.16.01.007","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors of antenatal depression among Omani women in a primary care setting: cross-sectional study","volume":"16","author":"Al-Azri","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sultan Qaboos Univ Med J"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.150.6.782","article-title":"Detection of postnatal depression. Development of the 10-item Edinburgh postnatal depression scale","volume":"150","author":"Cox","year":"1987","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry J Ment Sci"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"m4022","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m4022","article-title":"DEPRESsion screening data (DEPRESSD) EPDS group. Accuracy of the Edinburgh postnatal depression scale (EPDS) for screening to detect major depression among pregnant and postpartum women: systematic review and meta-analysis of individual participant data","volume":"371","author":"Levis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1186\/1745-0179-2-33","article-title":"Validation of the Edinburgh postpartum depression scale in a population of puerperal women in Mexico","volume":"2","author":"Alvarado-Esquivel","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Pract Epidemiol Ment Health"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1718","DOI":"10.3390\/children10101718","article-title":"Long-term effects of maternal depression during postpartum and early parenthood period on child socioemotional development","volume":"10","author":"Suarez","year":"2023","journal-title":"Children"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.02.062","article-title":"Postpartum depression and anxiety: a community-based study on risk factors before, during and after pregnancy","volume":"286","author":"van der Zee-van","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.2020.8862","article-title":"Perinatal depression: challenges and opportunities","volume":"30","author":"Dagher","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Womens Health 2002"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780195168655.003.0014","article-title":"The declaration of Helsinki","volume-title":"The Oxford Textbook of Clinical Research Ethics","author":"Ashcroft","year":"2008"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-023-15665-0","article-title":"The socio-demographic profile associated with perinatal depression during the COVID-19 era","volume":"23","author":"Kovacheva","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.09.136","article-title":"Prevalence of maternal antenatal and postnatal depression and their association with sociodemographic and socioeconomic factors: a multicentre study in Italy","volume":"279","author":"Cena","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5189","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19095189","article-title":"Primiparous and multiparous women\u2019s mode of birth and negative emotions","volume":"19","author":"Green","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1268","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.24390","article-title":"Characteristics of women with different perinatal depression trajectories","volume":"98","author":"Wikman","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Neurosci Res"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.07.041","article-title":"Depression in pregnancy \u201cstrongly predicts\u201d depression postpartum: are we inadvertently misleading clinicians and researchers?","volume":"295","author":"Matthey","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-023-05030-1","article-title":"Risk factors for the development of postpartum depression in individuals who screened positive for antenatal depression","volume":"23","author":"Yu","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1177\/2167702616644894","article-title":"Postpartum depressive symptoms following consecutive pregnancies: stability, change, and mechanisms","volume":"4","author":"Schetter C","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Sci"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1186\/s12978-023-01576-1","article-title":"The impact of depression at preconception on pregnancy planning and unmet need for contraception in the first postpartum year: a cohort study from rural Malawi","volume":"20","author":"Catalao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Reprod Health"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1002\/nop2.121","article-title":"Contraceptives as possible risk factors for postpartum depression: a retrospective study of the food and drug administration adverse event reporting system, 2004\u20132015","volume":"5","author":"Horibe","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nurs Open"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.2147\/OAJC.S444545","article-title":"Prevalence of depression among women using hormonal contraceptives in Mogadishu, Somalia: a cross-sectional study","volume":"15","author":"Yusuf","year":"2024","journal-title":"Open Access J Contracept"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1016\/j.contraception.2018.01.010","article-title":"The relationship between progestin hormonal contraception and depression: a systematic review","volume":"97","author":"Worly","year":"2018","journal-title":"Contraception"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e110","DOI":"10.1192\/bjo.2021.64","article-title":"Hormonal contraceptive use and depressive symptoms: systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomised trials","volume":"7","author":"de Wit","year":"2021","journal-title":"BJPsych Open"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2335957","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.35957","article-title":"Mental health symptoms in oral contraceptive users during short-term hormone withdrawal","volume":"6","author":"Noachtar","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1609406920917493","DOI":"10.1177\/1609406920917493","article-title":"Research methodological challenges and recommendations for conducting a comparative qualitative longitudinal study across two countries on different continents","volume":"19","author":"Sanip","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Qual Methods"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Global Women's Health"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fgwh.2025.1497698\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,3]],"date-time":"2025-02-03T13:11:49Z","timestamp":1738588309000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fgwh.2025.1497698\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,31]]},"references-count":43,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fgwh.2025.1497698"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fgwh.2025.1497698","relation":{},"ISSN":["2673-5059"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2673-5059"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,31]]},"article-number":"1497698"}}