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Glob. Women\u2019s Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Recent research suggests that attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a risk factor for suboptimal cognitive and emotional aging. Due to menopause, women may be more vulnerable to these outcomes than men. This study quantifies age-related changes in the association between self-reported ADHD symptoms and cognitive and emotional complaints, comparing men and women.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Participants were 118 community adults aged 19\u201379 years (78.0% women). Most had a self-reported ADHD diagnosis (71.2%) or clinically significant ADHD symptoms (78.0%). All completed the self-report Connors Adult ADHD Rating Scale, the Cognitive Failures Questionnaire, the Barkley Deficits in Executive Functioning Scales and the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale. Gender-stratified general linear models predicted cognitive and emotional difficulties from ADHD symptoms, testing age as a moderator.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>ADHD symptoms showed moderate to strong correlations with all cognitive (.39\u2009&amp;lt;\u2009<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u2009&amp;lt;\u2009.68) and emotional outcomes (.21\u2009&amp;lt;\u2009<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u2009&amp;lt;\u2009.64). In men, the association between ADHD symptoms and cognitive (<jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009\u22120.009, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.021, <jats:italic>\u03b7<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>p<\/jats:sub><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\u2009=\u2009.23) and emotional impulsivity (<jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009\u22120.017, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.012, <jats:italic>\u03b7<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>p<\/jats:sub><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\u2009=\u2009.28) was less pronounced in older than younger participants. Theses patterns were not observed in women. In older women, the association between ADHD symptoms and self-reported cognitive failures was slightly weaker than in younger women (<jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009\u22120.017, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.030, <jats:italic>\u03b7<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>p<\/jats:sub><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\u2009=\u2009.05). Although this interaction was not statistically significant in men, the effect was of similar medium-sized magnitude (<jats:italic>\u03b7<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>p<\/jats:sub><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\u2009=\u2009.08). All associations survived adjustments for depression and anxiety symptoms.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Some cognitive and emotional difficulties associated with ADHD symptoms were worse in younger than in older men, but age moderation was not observed in women. The cross-sectional design precludes any conclusions about causality, and it is possible that these results may be explained by greater self-disclosure in women than in men. Results are also interpreted cautiously in the context of relatively small sample size. Altogether, results support the need for a gender-specific lens when considering the lifespan impacts of ADHD symptoms and point to women as a potentially vulnerable segment of the ADHD population regarding cognitive and emotional aging.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fgwh.2025.1607464","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]],"date-time":"2025-10-07T06:17:19Z","timestamp":1759817839000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Age-related cognitive complaints and emotional difficulties associated with symptoms of ADHD: a study of gender differences"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Brandy L.","family":"Callahan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emma 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