{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T13:29:14Z","timestamp":1787318954405,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771891200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Glob. Women\u2019s Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Maternal complications of pregnancy, including preeclampsia, gestational diabetes mellitus, spontaneous preterm birth and placental abruption are individually associated with an increased risk of premature heart disease. Breastfeeding may reduce early postpartum cardiometabolic risk in this group. This study aimed the association between breastfeeding and the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors and metabolic syndrome (MetS) in the early postpartum period amongst women with previous pregnancy complication.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of 524 women who attended an appointment in a postpartum cardiovascular disease prevention clinic for women with previous pregnancy complications (HREC: TQEH\/16\/LMH\/258). Breastfeeding status was self-reported and cardiovascular disease risk factors were assessed at approximately 6 months postpartum. MetS was reported as a marker of cardiovascular health, defined using the Harmonising The Metabolic Syndrome definition. Statistical analysis was reported using SPSS Version 27.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Breastfeeding for &amp;gt;5.5 months postpartum was associated with a lower prevalence of abnormal lipids (based on triglyceride and High Density Lipoprotein cut-offs for MetS), lower prevalence of treated hypertension and systolic blood pressure &amp;gt;130 mmHg. Women who breastfed for &amp;gt;5.5 months were 53% less likely to have MetS at 6 months postpartum (aOR 0.47 95%, CI 0.29\u20130.77). The prevalence of breastfeeding for &amp;gt;5.5 months was higher for women with previous gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) (GDM 55% vs. non-GDM 44%,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.025), and the prevalence of breastfeeding for &amp;gt;5.5 months was lower for women with a previous hypertensive disorder of pregnancy (HDP) (HDP 41% vs. non-HDP 59%,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.001).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Women who breastfeed for longer is associated with lower prevalence of MetS and its components in the early postpartum period. However, further studies are required to assess this association based on lactation intensity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fgwh.2026.1625603","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T06:48:07Z","timestamp":1771915687000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The association between breastfeeding and prevalence of metabolic syndrome in women with a previous major pregnancy complication"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Maleesa M.","family":"Pathirana","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Adelaide University","place":["Adelaide, SA, Australia"]},{"name":"Robinson Research Institute, Adelaide University","place":["Adelaide, SA, Australia"]},{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Lyell McEwin Hospital","place":["Elizabeth Vale, SA, Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily","family":"Aldridge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Adelaide University","place":["Adelaide, SA, Australia"]},{"name":"Robinson Research Institute, Adelaide University","place":["Adelaide, SA, Australia"]},{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Lyell McEwin Hospital","place":["Elizabeth Vale, SA, Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Prabha H.","family":"Andraweera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Adelaide University","place":["Adelaide, SA, Australia"]},{"name":"Robinson Research Institute, Adelaide University","place":["Adelaide, SA, Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melanie R.","family":"Wittwer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Adelaide University","place":["Adelaide, SA, Australia"]},{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Lyell McEwin Hospital","place":["Elizabeth Vale, SA, Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katie","family":"Lowe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Adelaide University","place":["Adelaide, SA, Australia"]},{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Lyell McEwin Hospital","place":["Elizabeth Vale, SA, Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan","family":"Sierp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Lyell McEwin Hospital","place":["Elizabeth Vale, SA, Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gustaaf A.","family":"Dekker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Adelaide University","place":["Adelaide, SA, Australia"]},{"name":"Robinson Research Institute, Adelaide University","place":["Adelaide, SA, Australia"]},{"name":"Division of Women\u2019s Health, Lyell McEwin Hospital","place":["Elizabeth Vale, SA, Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Margaret A.","family":"Arstall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Adelaide University","place":["Adelaide, SA, Australia"]},{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Lyell McEwin Hospital","place":["Elizabeth Vale, SA, Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","first-page":"643","article-title":"Complications of pregnancy and future cardiovascular risk","volume-title":"Encyclopedia of Cardiovascular Research and Medicine","author":"Andraweera","year":"2017"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1007\/s11154-020-09587-0","article-title":"Cardiovascular risk factors in women with previous gestational diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"22","author":"Pathirana","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rev Endocr Metab Disord"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S254","DOI":"10.2337\/dc23-S015","article-title":"15. Management of diabetes in pregnancy: standards of care in diabetes\u20142023","volume":"46","author":"ElSayed","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e330","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000001212","article-title":"Opportunities in the postpartum period to reduce cardiovascular disease risk after adverse pregnancy outcomes: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association","volume":"149","author":"Lewey","year":"2024","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1016\/S1701-2163(15)30841-0","article-title":"The maternal health clinic: a new window of opportunity for early heart disease risk screening and intervention for women with pregnancy complications","volume":"35","author":"Smith","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Obstet Gynaecol Can"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2019.00184","article-title":"A protocol for nurse-practitioner led cardiovascular follow-up after pregnancy complications in a socioeconomically disadvantaged population","volume":"6","author":"Aldridge","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Cardiovasc Med"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e022746","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.121.022746","article-title":"Breastfeeding is associated with a reduced maternal cardiovascular risk: systematic review and meta-analysis involving data from 8 studies and 1 192 700 parous women","volume":"11","author":"Tschiderer","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1913401","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2019.13401","article-title":"Association of maternal lactation with diabetes and hypertension: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"2","author":"Rameez","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Am Med Assoc Netw Open"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8903344211034779","DOI":"10.1177\/08903344211034779","article-title":"Protective influence of breastfeeding on cardiovascular risk factors in women with previous gestational diabetes Mellitus and their children: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"38","author":"Pathirana","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Hum Lact"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0028-1103034","article-title":"The reset hypothesis: lactation and maternal metabolism","volume":"26","author":"Stuebe","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Perinatol"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1007\/s10995-020-03069-0","article-title":"Lactation patterns in women with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy: an analysis of Illinois 2012\u20132015 pregnancy risk assessment monitoring system (PRAMS) data","volume":"25","author":"Burgess","year":"2021","journal-title":"Matern Child Health J"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1089\/bfm.2018.0112","article-title":"Gestational diabetes mellitus reduces breastfeeding duration: a prospective cohort study","volume":"14","author":"Nguyen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Breastfeed Med"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2718","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12092718","article-title":"Duration of lactation and maternal risk of metabolic syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"12","author":"T\u00f8rris","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"853851","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2022.853851","article-title":"Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in women after maternal complications of pregnancy: an observational cohort analysis","volume":"9","author":"Aldridge","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Cardiovasc Med"},{"key":"B15","article-title":"Australia Heart Maps: South Australia: Heart Foundation","year":"2023"},{"key":"B16","article-title":"Adelaide PHN Local Health Matrix - Premature Mortality By Cause South Australia: Primary Health Network","year":"2020"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preghy.2019.05.005","article-title":"Agreement of aneroid and oscillometric blood pressure devices used in pregnancy","volume":"17","author":"Aldridge","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pregnancy Hypertens"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1640","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.192644","article-title":"Harmonizing the metabolic syndrome: a joint interim statement of the international diabetes federation task force on epidemiology and prevention; National Heart, Lung, and blood institute; American Heart Association; World Heart Federation; International Atherosclerosis Society; and International Association for the Study of Obesity","volume":"120","author":"Alberti","year":"2009","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1089\/bfm.2019.0186","article-title":"Reliability of maternal recall of feeding at the breast and breast milk expression 6 years after delivery","volume":"15","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Breastfeed Med"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.2019.7894","article-title":"Postpartum breastfeeding and cardiovascular risk assessment in women following pregnancy complications","volume":"29","author":"Yu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Womens Health (Larchmt)"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3008","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19053008","article-title":"Association of breastfeeding duration with 12-month postpartum blood lipids in a predominately lower-income Hispanic pregnancy cohort in Los Angeles","volume":"19","author":"Niu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1089\/bfm.2020.0144","article-title":"Full breastfeeding modifies anthropometric and body composition indicators in nursing mothers","volume":"16","author":"Guzm\u00e1n-Mercado","year":"2021","journal-title":"Breastfeed Med"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1097\/MOL.0000000000000676","article-title":"Regulation of lipoprotein lipase-mediated lipolysis of triglycerides","volume":"31","author":"Basu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr Opin Lipidol"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1037\/0278-6133.19.6.560","article-title":"Oxytocin responsivity in mothers of infants: a preliminary study of relationships with blood pressure during laboratory stress and normal ambulatory activity","volume":"19","author":"Light","year":"2000","journal-title":"Health Psychol"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwr227","article-title":"Duration of lactation and incidence of maternal hypertension: a longitudinal cohort study","volume":"174","author":"Stuebe","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1186\/s13006-023-00571-3","article-title":"The association of breast feeding for at least six months with hemodynamic and metabolic health of women and their children aged three years: an observational cohort study","volume":"18","author":"Pathirana","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int Breastfeed J"},{"key":"B27","year":"2011"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13006-022-00534-0","article-title":"Breastfeeding, socioeconomic status, and long-term postpartum weight retention","volume":"18","author":"Foster","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int Breastfeed J"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1089\/bfm.2020.0356","article-title":"Gestational diabetes Mellitus and risk of delayed onset of lactogenesis: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"16","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Breastfeed Med"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wombi.2014.12.002","article-title":"Factors associated with early cessation of breastfeeding in women with gestational diabetes mellitus","volume":"28","author":"Morrison","year":"2015","journal-title":"Women Birth"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e3196","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2211-1787","article-title":"Predictors of breastfeeding among patients admitted with preterm prelabor rupture of membranes","volume":"41","author":"Santoli","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am J Perinatol"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1111\/aogs.14378","article-title":"Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy and breastfeeding practices: a secondary analysis of data from the all our families cohort","volume":"101","author":"Horsley","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e465","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.113.5.e465","article-title":"Prepregnant overweight and obesity diminish the prolactin response to suckling in the first week postpartum","volume":"113","author":"Rasmussen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e335","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wombi.2022.09.010","article-title":"Women\u2019s awareness of cardiovascular disease risk after complications of pregnancy","volume":"36","author":"Aldridge","year":"2023","journal-title":"Women Birth"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Global Women's Health"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fgwh.2026.1625603\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T06:48:08Z","timestamp":1771915688000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fgwh.2026.1625603\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]]},"references-count":34,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fgwh.2026.1625603"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fgwh.2026.1625603","relation":{},"ISSN":["2673-5059"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2673-5059","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]]},"article-number":"1625603"}}